1
00:00:59,163 --> 00:01:03,568
THE AMERICAN REALIZES
THAT PROGRESS IS GOD.

2
00:01:03,651 --> 00:01:07,171
THE DESTINY
OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

3
00:01:07,237 --> 00:01:09,907
IS TO SUBDUE THE CONTINENT,

4
00:01:09,974 --> 00:01:15,096
TO RUSH OVER THIS VAST FIELD
TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN,

5
00:01:15,162 --> 00:01:18,082
TO CHANGE DARKNESS INTO LIGHT,

6
00:01:18,149 --> 00:01:22,519
AND CONFIRM THE DESTINY
OF THE HUMAN RACE.

7
00:01:22,587 --> 00:01:25,222
DIVINE TASK, IMMORTAL MISSION,

8
00:01:25,306 --> 00:01:30,611
THE PIONEER ARMY PERPETUALLY
STRIKES TO THE FRONT.

9
00:01:30,678 --> 00:01:34,782
EMPIRE PLANTS ITSELF
UPON THE TRAILS --

10
00:01:34,849 --> 00:01:36,684
WILLIAM GILPIN.

11
00:01:42,289 --> 00:01:46,978
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

12
00:02:00,808 --> 00:02:05,446
[ VOICES ADDED TO CHANTING ]

13
00:02:36,727 --> 00:02:38,012
Narrator: BY 1821,

14
00:02:38,079 --> 00:02:41,298
TWO YOUNG REPUBLICS
CLAIMED MOST OF THE WEST.

15
00:02:41,365 --> 00:02:45,470
THE VAST TERRITORY THOMAS
JEFFERSON HAD BOUGHT FROM FRANCE

16
00:02:45,536 --> 00:02:49,223
GAVE THE UNITED STATES CLAIM
TO NEARLY HALF OF IT,

17
00:02:49,290 --> 00:02:53,660
WHILE THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED
REPUBLIC OF MEXICO

18
00:02:53,727 --> 00:02:56,881
HELD THE SOUTHWEST
AND CALIFORNIA.

19
00:02:56,948 --> 00:03:02,153
ENGLAND STILL HAD OUTPOSTS
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST,

20
00:03:02,220 --> 00:03:07,542
WHILE A HOST OF INDIAN NATIONS
HELD FAST TO THEIR LANDS

21
00:03:07,609 --> 00:03:11,128
AND CHALLENGED EACH OTHER
FOR MORE.

22
00:03:11,195 --> 00:03:14,782
BY 1821,
NO ONE KNEW WHO WOULD CONTROL

23
00:03:14,849 --> 00:03:18,519
THE WEST'S
SEEMINGLY INFINITE SPACES,

24
00:03:18,586 --> 00:03:24,275
WHAT LANGUAGE WOULD BE DOMINANT,
WHOSE GOD WOULD BE WORSHIPPED,

25
00:03:24,342 --> 00:03:28,278
WHAT THE WEST'S DESTINY
WOULD BE.

26
00:03:33,718 --> 00:03:37,037
BUT THE AMERICANS
WERE ALREADY MOVING WEST,

27
00:03:37,104 --> 00:03:38,989
CONTENT, AT FIRST,

28
00:03:39,056 --> 00:03:43,494
TO MAKE THEIR WAY
IN OTHER PEOPLE'S WORLDS.

29
00:03:43,561 --> 00:03:48,048
MOUNTAIN MEN BEGAN IT,
FOLLOWING ICY STREAMS

30
00:03:48,115 --> 00:03:51,920
INTO THE ROCKIES
IN SEARCH OF FURS.

31
00:03:51,986 --> 00:03:56,707
WHILE OTHERS, WHO CALLED
THEMSELVES "LATTER-DAY SAINTS,"

32
00:03:56,774 --> 00:04:00,578
FLED TO THE WEST
HOPING TO FIND SANCTUARY.

33
00:04:00,644 --> 00:04:04,015
A DEVOUT, YOUNG WOMAN
FROM UPSTATE NEW YORK,

34
00:04:04,081 --> 00:04:08,102
WHO HURRIED WEST
TO SAVE THE SOULS OF INDIANS,

35
00:04:08,169 --> 00:04:12,590
IN THE END
COULD NOT EVEN SAVE HERSELF.

36
00:04:12,657 --> 00:04:14,558
A TENNESSEE POLITICIAN,

37
00:04:14,642 --> 00:04:18,429
WHOSE CAREER WAS RUINED
BY DRINK AND SCANDAL,

38
00:04:18,496 --> 00:04:23,484
WOULD GET A SECOND CHANCE IN
THE MEXICAN PROVINCE OF TEJAS.

39
00:04:23,550 --> 00:04:27,438
WHILE A VIRGINIA FAMILY,
ACCUSTOMED TO FOLLOWING

40
00:04:27,504 --> 00:04:32,110
A RESTLESS DREAM OF BETTER TIMES
OVER THE NEXT HORIZON,

41
00:04:32,176 --> 00:04:34,478
VERY NEARLY DESTROYED ITSELF

42
00:04:34,544 --> 00:04:38,616
TRYING TO REACH
THE CONTINENT'S FARTHEST SHORE.

43
00:04:38,682 --> 00:04:42,353
BUT REGARDLESS OF THEIR REASONS
FOR GOING WEST,

44
00:04:42,420 --> 00:04:46,207
ONCE THEY GOT THERE,
THE AMERICANS SOON DETERMINED

45
00:04:46,273 --> 00:04:49,626
TO MAKE THE WEST -- ALL OF IT --
THEIR OWN.

46
00:04:52,880 --> 00:04:55,565
IT IS OUR MANIFEST DESTINY

47
00:04:55,632 --> 00:05:00,755
TO OVERSPREAD THE CONTINENT
ALLOTTED BY PROVIDENCE

48
00:05:00,822 --> 00:05:07,128
FOR THE FREE DEVELOPMENT OF OUR
YEARLY MULTIPLYING MILLIONS --

49
00:05:07,194 --> 00:05:09,363
JOHN L. O'SULLIVAN.

50
00:05:13,217 --> 00:05:17,288
Man: AMERICANS' REACH
EXCEEDS THEIR GRASP.

51
00:05:17,354 --> 00:05:21,691
AMERICANS CAN'T DO
WHAT THEY MIGHT LIKE TO DO,

52
00:05:21,759 --> 00:05:24,094
BUT THE TIME IS COMING.

53
00:05:24,161 --> 00:05:28,232
THIS IS A COUNTRY THAT IS GOING
TO GROW MORE AND MORE POWERFUL.

54
00:05:28,299 --> 00:05:30,234
ITS AMBITION IS ALREADY THERE,

55
00:05:30,301 --> 00:05:33,420
AND THERE IS GOING TO COME
A TIME BY MID-CENTURY

56
00:05:33,487 --> 00:05:36,440
WHERE, IN FACT,
IT CAN FULFILL ITS AMBITION.

57
00:05:36,507 --> 00:05:38,459
AND WHEN THAT TIME IS REACHED,

58
00:05:38,526 --> 00:05:41,529
THE WEST WILL BE
AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT PLACE.

59
00:05:41,595 --> 00:05:44,665
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

60
00:06:09,807 --> 00:06:13,093
Narrator:
ONE WINTER IN THE EARLY 1830s,

61
00:06:13,161 --> 00:06:16,747
A COLD AND HUNGRY MOUNTAIN MAN
NAMED JOE MEEK

62
00:06:16,814 --> 00:06:21,535
STUMBLED INTO A LANDSCAPE UNLIKE
ANYTHING HE HAD EVER SEEN.

63
00:06:21,602 --> 00:06:24,105
THE WHOLE COUNTRY WAS SMOKING

64
00:06:24,171 --> 00:06:27,541
WITH THE VAPOR
FROM BOILING SPRINGS,

65
00:06:27,608 --> 00:06:31,611
AND BURNING WITH GASES
ISSUING FROM SMALL CRATERS,

66
00:06:31,678 --> 00:06:36,617
EACH OF WHICH WAS EMITTING
A SHARP WHISTLING SOUND,

67
00:06:36,684 --> 00:06:40,204
LIKE THAT PLACE
THE OLD METHODIST PREACHER

68
00:06:40,270 --> 00:06:42,373
USED TO THREATEN ME WITH.

69
00:06:42,439 --> 00:06:46,310
BUT THE WARMTH OF THE PLACE
WAS MOST DELIGHTFUL

70
00:06:46,394 --> 00:06:49,880
AFTER THE FREEZING COLD
OF THE MOUNTAINS.

71
00:06:49,947 --> 00:06:54,518
SO, IF IT WAS HELL,
IT WAS A MORE AGREEABLE CLIMATE

72
00:06:54,585 --> 00:06:57,905
THAN I HAD BEEN IN
FOR SOME TIME --

73
00:06:57,971 --> 00:06:59,156
JOE MEEK.

74
00:06:59,223 --> 00:07:03,710
Narrator: IT WAS
THE YELLOWSTONE PLATEAU.

75
00:07:03,777 --> 00:07:08,048
AND JOE MEEK WAS ONE OF
THE FIRST WHITE MEN TO SEE IT.

76
00:07:08,115 --> 00:07:11,169
BORN IN WASHINGTON COUNTY,
VIRGINIA,

77
00:07:11,235 --> 00:07:15,872
MEEK, LIKE HUNDREDS OF OTHER
YOUNG MEN EAGER FOR ADVENTURE,

78
00:07:15,939 --> 00:07:18,008
HAD RUN OFF TO THE WEST.

79
00:07:18,075 --> 00:07:21,762
HE WOULD SPEND 11 YEARS
IN THE MOUNTAINS,

80
00:07:21,812 --> 00:07:26,550
TRAPPING AND TRADING FOR FURS,
TRAVELING RELENTLESSLY,

81
00:07:26,617 --> 00:07:31,805
PUSHING INTO CORNERS OF THE WEST
HIS COUNTRY DID NOT YET OWN

82
00:07:31,872 --> 00:07:34,108
IN SEARCH OF EASY MONEY.

83
00:07:34,174 --> 00:07:38,411
Man: HATS --
HATS WAS THE NAME OF THE GAME.

84
00:07:38,478 --> 00:07:40,430
THE CARRIAGE TRADE WAS THE THING

85
00:07:40,497 --> 00:07:42,766
THAT SET THE STANDARD
OF FASHIONS.

86
00:07:42,833 --> 00:07:45,719
THE CARRIAGE TRADE
WAS NOTHING MORE THAN RICH

87
00:07:45,786 --> 00:07:47,988
DRIVING AROUND
IN THEIR CARRIAGES

88
00:07:48,055 --> 00:07:51,625
IN BOSTON, OR LONDON, OR PARIS,
OR QUEBEC, OR MONTREAL.

89
00:07:51,692 --> 00:07:54,462
AND WHATEVER THEY WORE,
EVERYBODY ELSE WANTED TO WEAR.

90
00:07:54,528 --> 00:07:56,497
WELL, THEY WERE WEARING
BEAVER HATS,

91
00:07:56,564 --> 00:07:58,531
AND THUS IT MADE
A DEMAND FOR BEAVER.

92
00:07:58,599 --> 00:08:02,470
Narrator: INDIANS HAD BEEN
EXCHANGING ANIMAL PELTS

93
00:08:02,536 --> 00:08:06,590
FOR EUROPEAN TRADE GOODS
FOR MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES.

94
00:08:06,657 --> 00:08:10,661
NOW, COMPANIES REPRESENTING
RUSSIA, ENGLAND, MEXICO,

95
00:08:10,728 --> 00:08:14,798
AND THE UNITED STATES WERE
LOCKED IN FIERCE COMPETITION

96
00:08:14,865 --> 00:08:16,933
FOR THE WESTERN FUR TRADE

97
00:08:17,001 --> 00:08:20,554
AND HIRED THE MOUNTAIN MEN
TO DO THE WORK.

98
00:08:20,620 --> 00:08:24,859
THERE WERE BLACK TRAPPERS
AS WELL AS WHITE.

99
00:08:24,925 --> 00:08:28,962
MEN FROM SCOTLAND, ENGLAND,
AND MEXICO --

100
00:08:29,029 --> 00:08:31,231
EVEN NATIVE HAWAIIANS.

101
00:08:31,298 --> 00:08:34,101
IN OREGON,
A THIRD OF THE TRAPPERS

102
00:08:34,168 --> 00:08:38,171
WERE IROQUOIS AND DELAWARE
INDIANS FROM THE EAST.

103
00:08:38,238 --> 00:08:41,642
FRENCH TRAPPERS OUTNUMBERED
JOE MEEK

104
00:08:41,709 --> 00:08:45,245
AND HIS FELLOW AMERICANS
FOUR TO ONE.

105
00:08:45,312 --> 00:08:47,948
THEY COULD MAKE
THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS,

106
00:08:48,015 --> 00:08:52,319
BUT THEY USUALLY SQUANDERED IT
ALL AT THE YEARLY RENDEZVOUS

107
00:08:52,385 --> 00:08:54,254
WHERE THEY GAMBLED, DRANK,

108
00:08:54,321 --> 00:08:58,525
AND TRADED STORIES ABOUT
THEIR EXPLOITS IN THE MOUNTAINS.

109
00:08:58,592 --> 00:09:02,345
Gowans: IT WAS A VERY,
VERY DANGEROUS LIFE.

110
00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:04,698
THEY WERE KILLED
BY BLACKFOOT INDIANS,

111
00:09:04,765 --> 00:09:06,717
THEY WERE KILLED
BY GRIZZLY BEARS,

112
00:09:06,784 --> 00:09:08,953
AND MAYBE
MOST DEVASTATING OF ALL,

113
00:09:09,019 --> 00:09:11,188
THEY WERE KILLED
BY MOTHER NATURE.

114
00:09:11,255 --> 00:09:15,058
CAN YOU IMAGINE WHAT IT WOULD BE
LIKE COMING UP OUT OF A STREAM,

115
00:09:15,125 --> 00:09:16,677
SETTING A TRAP IN NOVEMBER,

116
00:09:16,744 --> 00:09:19,163
BUCKSKINS UP TO YOUR ARMPITS
IN WATER,

117
00:09:19,229 --> 00:09:21,498
AND WORKING A STREAM
ALL DAY LONG

118
00:09:21,565 --> 00:09:23,467
IN THOSE KIND OF CONDITIONS?

119
00:09:23,534 --> 00:09:26,820
THOSE MEN DIED OF FEVER,
THEY DIED OF PNEUMONIA.

120
00:09:26,887 --> 00:09:29,657
HOW MANY MEN DIED
ON SOME UNKNOWN STREAM

121
00:09:29,723 --> 00:09:32,910
IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
NEVER HEARD OF AGAIN?

122
00:09:32,976 --> 00:09:35,863
YOU KNOW, THERE WAS A COMMON
UNDERSTANDING IN THE FUR TRADE.

123
00:09:35,930 --> 00:09:37,498
IF YOU DIDN'T SHOW UP
AT A RENDEZVOUS,

124
00:09:37,565 --> 00:09:39,116
YOU WERE CONSIDERED DEAD.

125
00:09:39,183 --> 00:09:42,887
Narrator: DURING MORE THAN
A DECADE IN THE MOUNTAINS,

126
00:09:42,953 --> 00:09:47,358
JOE MEEK HAD STRUGGLED ALONGSIDE
HIS FELLOW TRAPPERS TO SURVIVE.

127
00:09:47,425 --> 00:09:51,728
HE HAD NARROWLY ESCAPED DEATH
AT THE HANDS OF THE BLACKFEET,

128
00:09:51,795 --> 00:09:55,882
TOUCHED ONE GRIZZLY
WITH HIS BARE HAND ON A DARE,

129
00:09:55,933 --> 00:09:58,135
AND BEEN MAULED BY ANOTHER.

130
00:09:58,202 --> 00:10:02,406
BUT IN THE END, HE HAD
NO MONEY TO SHOW FOR IT ALL,

131
00:10:02,472 --> 00:10:06,459
AND SUDDENLY, HIS LIVELIHOOD
HAD DISAPPEARED, TOO.

132
00:10:06,526 --> 00:10:09,997
Gowans:
THE DEMAND CEASED FOR BEAVER.

133
00:10:10,063 --> 00:10:12,599
AND THE REASON BEING IS,
IS THE CARRIAGE TRADE

134
00:10:12,667 --> 00:10:15,819
CHOSE TO GO WITH SILK HATS
INSTEAD OF BEAVER HATS.

135
00:10:15,886 --> 00:10:18,255
I'D SAY
BY THE MIDDLE OF THE 1830s,

136
00:10:18,322 --> 00:10:20,874
THE BEAVER TRADE
WAS COMING TO AN END.

137
00:10:20,941 --> 00:10:23,110
THERE WAS NO LONGER THE DEMAND.

138
00:10:26,947 --> 00:10:30,234
Narrator: THE ERA
OF THE MOUNTAIN MEN HAD ENDED

139
00:10:30,301 --> 00:10:32,920
ALMOST AS QUICKLY
AS IT HAD BEGUN.

140
00:10:32,986 --> 00:10:37,858
SOME GUIDED AMERICAN EXPLORERS
FANNING OUT ACROSS THE WEST.

141
00:10:37,924 --> 00:10:42,896
OTHERS LED THE GROWING STREAM
OF WAGON TRAINS THAT NOW ROLLED

142
00:10:42,963 --> 00:10:47,551
OVER THE TRAILS THE MOUNTAIN MEN
HAD HELPED TO CHART.

143
00:10:47,618 --> 00:10:51,238
BUT JOE MEEK HAD HAD ENOUGH
OF WANDERING.

144
00:10:51,305 --> 00:10:55,209
HE TOOK HIS NEZ PERCE WIFE
AND THEIR CHILDREN

145
00:10:55,275 --> 00:10:57,678
AND WENT ALL THE WAY WEST.

146
00:10:57,745 --> 00:11:00,997
HE SETTLED
NEAR A BRITISH TRADING POST

147
00:11:01,064 --> 00:11:03,684
IN THE DISPUTED LAND OF OREGON.

148
00:11:03,751 --> 00:11:06,220
THERE, MEEK WENT INTO POLITICS

149
00:11:06,286 --> 00:11:10,223
AND BEGAN TO TALK
WITH OTHER AMERICAN SETTLERS

150
00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:13,293
ABOUT MAKING
THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

151
00:11:13,344 --> 00:11:15,779
PART OF THE UNITED STATES.

152
00:11:17,764 --> 00:11:19,767
I WANT TO LIVE LONG ENOUGH

153
00:11:19,833 --> 00:11:22,536
TO SEE OREGON
SECURELY AMERICAN,

154
00:11:22,603 --> 00:11:24,338
SO I CAN SAY THAT I WAS BORN

155
00:11:24,405 --> 00:11:27,858
IN WASHINGTON COUNTY,
UNITED STATES,

156
00:11:27,925 --> 00:11:33,680
AND DIED IN WASHINGTON COUNTY,
UNITED STATES --

157
00:11:33,746 --> 00:11:35,281
JOE MEEK.

158
00:12:01,659 --> 00:12:07,965
Man: WE HAVE MAPS OF THE PAST.

159
00:12:08,031 --> 00:12:13,520
NOT A HISTORY, IN THE WAY THAT
MOST OF US UNDERSTAND HISTORY,

160
00:12:13,587 --> 00:12:21,228
BUT PLACES LIKE BEAR BUTTE,
MEDICINE WHEEL, DEVIL'S TOWER.

161
00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,500
THESE ARE THINGS
THAT WE CAN IDENTIFY WITH

162
00:12:26,567 --> 00:12:29,937
IN TERMS OF TIME AND EXPERIENCE.

163
00:12:30,004 --> 00:12:32,556
"OH, YES,"
MY GRANDMOTHER WOULD SAY,

164
00:12:32,623 --> 00:12:36,677
"WE WERE THERE, WE WERE THERE
IN THE BLACK HILLS AT ONE TIME.

165
00:12:36,743 --> 00:12:39,496
WE KNOW ABOUT ZOI,
DEVIL'S TOWER."

166
00:12:39,563 --> 00:12:43,434
AND SHE SAID IT, YOU KNOW,
AS IF SHE HAD BEEN THERE.

167
00:12:43,500 --> 00:12:45,769
AND I THINK, IN HER MIND'S EYE,

168
00:12:45,836 --> 00:12:48,889
IT WAS THERE
AND VERY CLEARLY DEFINED.

169
00:12:48,956 --> 00:12:55,446
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

170
00:12:58,365 --> 00:13:02,118
Narrator: THE ARRIVAL
OF THE HORSE IN THE EARLY 1700s

171
00:13:02,185 --> 00:13:05,171
HAD ALLOWED THE KIOWA
TO MIGRATE EASTWARD

172
00:13:05,238 --> 00:13:09,142
FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
OUT ONTO THE GREAT PLAINS.

173
00:13:09,209 --> 00:13:15,032
THEY CLAIMED AS THEIR OWN THE
BEST WINTER HUNTING GROUNDS --

174
00:13:15,098 --> 00:13:17,034
THE BLACK HILLS --

175
00:13:17,101 --> 00:13:22,055
AND ITS LANDMARKS
BECAME PART OF THEIR RELIGION.

176
00:13:22,122 --> 00:13:24,058
BUT BY THE EARLY 1800s,

177
00:13:24,124 --> 00:13:27,244
NEW PEOPLE HAD ARRIVED
FROM THE EAST

178
00:13:27,311 --> 00:13:31,098
CHALLENGING THE KIOWA
FOR THE BLACK HILLS.

179
00:13:31,164 --> 00:13:34,835
THEY WERE THE CHEYENNE.

180
00:13:34,902 --> 00:13:42,809
AND BEHIND THEM CAME THE LAKOTA,
KNOWN BY WHITES AS THE SIOUX.

181
00:13:42,876 --> 00:13:45,929
AMONG THE LAKOTA,
A MAN NAMED LONE DOG

182
00:13:45,996 --> 00:13:49,800
PAINTED A RECORD OF HIS PEOPLE
ON A BUFFALO HIDE,

183
00:13:49,867 --> 00:13:53,854
MARKING EACH WINTER BY DEPICTING
WHAT THEY REMEMBERED

184
00:13:53,904 --> 00:13:57,291
MOST VIVIDLY
ABOUT THE YEAR JUST PAST.

185
00:13:57,358 --> 00:14:02,295
HE BEGAN AT THE CENTER OF A
SPIRAL WITH THE WINTER OF 1800,

186
00:14:02,362 --> 00:14:06,633
WHEN 30 LAKOTA, REPRESENTED
BY 30 STRAIGHT LINES,

187
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:10,120
WERE KILLED IN BATTLE
WITH THE CROW.

188
00:14:10,204 --> 00:14:13,006
OVER THE ENSUING WINTERS,

189
00:14:13,073 --> 00:14:18,495
LONE DOG RECOUNTED HORSE RAIDS
AND BUFFALO HUNTS,

190
00:14:18,561 --> 00:14:25,268
THE ARRIVAL OF TRADING POSTS,
AND OUTBREAKS OF SMALLPOX.

191
00:14:26,836 --> 00:14:30,774
BUT THE EVENTS MOST OFTEN NOTED
ON HIS BUFFALO HIDE

192
00:14:30,841 --> 00:14:34,427
WERE THE NUMEROUS WARS
HIS PEOPLE FOUGHT

193
00:14:34,494 --> 00:14:37,248
AS THE LAKOTA MOVED WEST --

194
00:14:37,314 --> 00:14:40,416
WITH THE MANDAN, PAWNEE,
AND ARAPAHO,

195
00:14:40,501 --> 00:14:44,454
WITH THE BLACK FEET,
ASSINBOIN, CROW, AND SHOSHONE.

196
00:14:44,521 --> 00:14:48,175
White:
THE BLACK HILLS HAVE AROUND THEM

197
00:14:48,241 --> 00:14:49,776
IN THE LATE 18th
AND EARLY 19th CENTURY,

198
00:14:49,843 --> 00:14:52,379
THIS INCREDIBLE SWIRL OF PEOPLE.

199
00:14:52,445 --> 00:14:55,448
THE PEOPLE ARE FIGHTING,
CONTESTING FOR BUFFALO GROUNDS,

200
00:14:55,515 --> 00:14:58,302
AND THE DRIVING FIGURES
IN ALL THIS

201
00:14:58,368 --> 00:15:01,788
ARE ALWAYS GOING TO BE
THE LAKOTAS.

202
00:15:01,855 --> 00:15:03,807
THE LAKOTAS
ARE PUSHING OTHER PEOPLE OUT.

203
00:15:03,873 --> 00:15:06,309
THE LAKOTAS ARE SPREADING WEST
AFTER THE HERDS.

204
00:15:06,376 --> 00:15:08,679
THE LAKOTAS ARE THE PEOPLE
IN MOTION.

205
00:15:08,745 --> 00:15:11,264
THE LAKOTAS
WEREN'T ALWAYS THERE,

206
00:15:11,315 --> 00:15:16,219
BUT THEY MAKE THE BLACK HILLS
THE CENTER OF THEIR WORLD.

207
00:15:16,286 --> 00:15:21,859
Woman: OUR NAME FOR THE BLACK
HILLS IS WAMAKAHOGNAKA INCHATE.

208
00:15:21,925 --> 00:15:24,160
[ THUNDER RUMBLES ]

209
00:15:24,227 --> 00:15:26,396
"INCHATE" IS THE HEART OF.

210
00:15:26,463 --> 00:15:31,952
"WAMAKAHOGNAKA" I TRANSLATE "THE
HEART OF EVERYTHING THAT IS" --

211
00:15:32,018 --> 00:15:37,207
EVERYTHING MATERIAL,
EVERYTHING SPIRITUAL.

212
00:15:37,274 --> 00:15:41,077
IT'S THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE.

213
00:15:49,018 --> 00:15:52,005
WE WERE A WARRIOR SOCIETY,

214
00:15:52,072 --> 00:15:54,825
AND THAT'S VERY MUCH
A PART OF OUR CULTURE.

215
00:15:54,891 --> 00:16:02,699
WE HAVE AN EXPRESSION THAT
WHOEVER DIDN'T FEAR US HATED US,

216
00:16:02,766 --> 00:16:05,535
AND WE TOOK GREAT PRIDE
IN THE FACT

217
00:16:05,619 --> 00:16:08,021
THAT EVERYONE EITHER HATED US
OR FEARED US.

218
00:16:08,088 --> 00:16:10,591
THE CREE PEOPLE
IN THEIR STORIES WOULD SAY,

219
00:16:10,657 --> 00:16:14,928
"WHEN THE CROW
WERE COMING TO FIGHT,

220
00:16:14,994 --> 00:16:16,213
"WE SENT OUR LITTLE BOYS
TO FIGHT.

221
00:16:16,279 --> 00:16:18,865
"WHEN THE MANDAN WERE COMING,
WE SENT THE OLD MEN.

222
00:16:18,932 --> 00:16:22,552
"WHEN THE SIOUX WERE COMING,
WE PAINTED OUR FACES FOR DEATH

223
00:16:22,619 --> 00:16:24,287
AND PREPARED TO DIE."

224
00:16:43,190 --> 00:16:45,241
Narrator: FOR NEARLY 300 YEARS,
SINCE THE DAYS OF CORONADO,

225
00:16:45,326 --> 00:16:48,945
SPANISH-SPEAKING PEOPLE
HAD CALLED MUCH OF THE WEST

226
00:16:49,012 --> 00:16:49,896
THEIR HOME.

227
00:16:49,963 --> 00:16:52,082
THEY RAISED VAST HERDS OF CATTLE

228
00:16:52,148 --> 00:16:54,834
IN THE FERTILE VALLEYS
OF CALIFORNIA,

229
00:16:54,901 --> 00:16:57,955
BUILT CATHEDRALS
AND TOWNS OF ADOBE

230
00:16:58,021 --> 00:17:00,757
ALONG THE RIO GRANDE
IN NEW MEXICO.

231
00:17:00,824 --> 00:17:04,010
AND IN THE SPRAWLING
NORTHERN PROVINCE OF TEJAS,

232
00:17:04,077 --> 00:17:07,897
WHERE COMANCHES AND KIOWAS
CONTROLLED THE OPEN PLAINS,

233
00:17:07,964 --> 00:17:13,703
THEY CLUSTERED AROUND A HANDFUL
OF CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

234
00:17:13,770 --> 00:17:18,275
BUT WHEREVER THEY LIVED, THEY
FELT NEGLECTED BY MEXICO CITY,

235
00:17:18,341 --> 00:17:21,528
MORE THAN 1,000 MILES AWAY.

236
00:17:21,595 --> 00:17:25,532
Man: THE PEOPLE OF THE FRONTIER
WERE, BY AND LARGE,

237
00:17:25,599 --> 00:17:30,404
ANTI-GOVERNMENT,
ANTI-INSTITUTIONAL CHURCH.

238
00:17:30,470 --> 00:17:32,506
THEY WERE VERY HAPPY
BEING LEFT ON THEIR OWN

239
00:17:32,573 --> 00:17:36,293
TO DEFEND THEIR PROPERTY,
TO LIVE THEIR OWN LIFESTYLES

240
00:17:36,360 --> 00:17:39,279
WITHOUT INTERVENTION
OF A FAR-OFF GOVERNMENT.

241
00:17:39,345 --> 00:17:42,365
THE SPANISH COLONISTS,
THEIR MOTTO WAS --

242
00:17:42,432 --> 00:17:45,068
GOD IS IN HEAVEN,
THE POPE IS AT THE VATICAN,

243
00:17:45,135 --> 00:17:46,570
THE KING IS IN MADRID,

244
00:17:46,636 --> 00:17:49,139
THE VICEROY'S IN MEXICO CITY,
AND TO HELL WITH YOU.

245
00:17:49,206 --> 00:17:50,490
I'M IN SAN ANTONIO.

246
00:17:53,843 --> 00:17:57,196
Narrator: FOR GENERATIONS,
FOREIGNERS HAD BEEN KEPT OUT

247
00:17:57,264 --> 00:17:59,899
OF THE ISOLATED
NORTHERN PROVINCES.

248
00:17:59,966 --> 00:18:03,470
THEN,
AFTER THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO

249
00:18:03,537 --> 00:18:06,823
WON ITS INDEPENDENCE IN 1821,

250
00:18:06,890 --> 00:18:13,062
IT ANNOUNCED THAT AMERICANS WERE
NOW WELCOME IN TEJAS -- TEXAS.

251
00:18:13,129 --> 00:18:17,017
Woman: MEXICO HAD HAD
WHAT SEEMED LIKE A GOOD PLAN --

252
00:18:17,084 --> 00:18:18,334
HOW TO GET SETTLERS
AND COLONISTS INTO TEXAS

253
00:18:18,419 --> 00:18:21,321
TO MAKE SURE
IT WAS A SETTLED TERRITORY

254
00:18:21,387 --> 00:18:26,709
THAT THE UNITED STATES
WOULD HAVE TO BACK OFF FROM.

255
00:18:26,776 --> 00:18:28,311
THE MEXICAN POPULATION
DOESN'T REALLY HAVE A SURPLUS

256
00:18:28,378 --> 00:18:30,130
THAT CAN PROVIDE
THAT KIND OF SETTLEMENT.

257
00:18:30,197 --> 00:18:31,698
SO, ITSEEMEDLIKE A GOOD IDEA.

258
00:18:31,765 --> 00:18:33,766
IT'S ONE OF THOSE MOMENTS
OF HINDSIGHT WHERE YOU THINK,

259
00:18:33,833 --> 00:18:35,685
"OH, WATCH OUT FOR THIS ONE."

260
00:18:38,872 --> 00:18:43,927
THIS VILLAGE HAS BEEN SETTLED
BY MR. STEPHEN F. AUSTIN,

261
00:18:43,994 --> 00:18:47,097
A NATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES
OF THE NORTH.

262
00:18:47,163 --> 00:18:50,016
ITS POPULATION IS NEARLY
200 PERSONS,

263
00:18:50,083 --> 00:18:52,736
OF WHICH
ONLY 10 ARE MEXICANS.

264
00:18:52,803 --> 00:18:56,790
THE AMERICANS ARE
IN GENERAL, IN MY OPINION,

265
00:18:56,856 --> 00:18:59,509
LAZY PEOPLE
OF VICIOUS CHARACTER.

266
00:18:59,575 --> 00:19:02,312
SOME OF THEM
CULTIVATE THEIR SMALL FARMS,

267
00:19:02,378 --> 00:19:04,764
BUT THIS TASK
THEY USUALLY ENTRUST

268
00:19:04,831 --> 00:19:08,318
TO THEIR NEGRO SLAVES,

269
00:19:08,385 --> 00:19:09,536
WHOM THEY TREAT
WITH CONSIDERABLE HARSHNESS.

270
00:19:09,603 --> 00:19:10,887
IN MY JUDGMENT,

271
00:19:10,953 --> 00:19:14,591
THE SPARK THAT WILL
START THE CONFLAGRATION

272
00:19:14,657 --> 00:19:19,429
THAT WILL DEPRIVE US OF TEXAS
WILL START FROM THIS COLONY --

273
00:19:19,496 --> 00:19:22,115
LIEUTENANT JOSE MARIA SANCHEZ.

274
00:19:22,182 --> 00:19:27,454
Narrator: IN 1821, AN AMBITIOUS
EX-NEWSPAPERMAN FROM MISSOURI

275
00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:29,623
NAMED STEPHEN F. AUSTIN

276
00:19:29,689 --> 00:19:34,394
SETTLED 297 AMERICAN FAMILIES --
AND THEIR SLAVES --

277
00:19:34,460 --> 00:19:39,065
ON THE BRAZOS RIVER
IN EAST TEXAS.

278
00:19:39,132 --> 00:19:40,216
IN EXCHANGE FOR THE LAND,

279
00:19:40,283 --> 00:19:43,102
THEY AGREED TO CONVERT
TO CATHOLICISM

280
00:19:43,169 --> 00:19:47,040
AND SWEAR ALLEGIANCE
TO THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO.

281
00:19:47,107 --> 00:19:48,658
UNDER THE SAME TERMS,

282
00:19:48,725 --> 00:19:54,831
MEXICO GRANTED OTHERS
THE RIGHT TO SETTLE IN TEXAS.

283
00:19:54,898 --> 00:19:57,266
BUT SOON,
THE PLAN BEGAN TO BACKFIRE.

284
00:19:57,333 --> 00:20:02,122
THOUSANDS OF AMERICAN SQUATTERS
NOW CAME,

285
00:20:02,189 --> 00:20:07,945
CARVING OUT THEIR OWN HOMESTEADS
WITHOUT ANYONE'S PERMISSION.

286
00:20:08,011 --> 00:20:10,213
Woman:
I THINK IT WAS AN OPPORTUNITY

287
00:20:10,279 --> 00:20:12,916
FOR ADVENTURE FOR THEM.

288
00:20:12,983 --> 00:20:14,434
A LOT OF PEOPLE CAME TO TEXAS

289
00:20:14,501 --> 00:20:16,903
BECAUSE THEY WERE RUNNING
FROM THE LAW

290
00:20:16,970 --> 00:20:21,174
OR RUNNING FROM A BAD FAMILY
SITUATION, A BAD MARRIAGE.

291
00:20:21,241 --> 00:20:25,177
TEXAS WAS FILLED WITH,
SHALL WE SAY, FRINGE SOCIETY.

292
00:20:25,245 --> 00:20:28,598
BUT IT WAS ALSO FILLED
WITH A LOT OF PEOPLE

293
00:20:28,664 --> 00:20:34,054
WHO REALLY DID WANT SOMETHING
MORE THAN WHAT THEY HAD,

294
00:20:34,121 --> 00:20:38,424
AND THOUGHT THEY MIGHT FIND IT
ON THE FRONTIER.

295
00:20:38,491 --> 00:20:39,843
Narrator:
DIRT-POOR DEBTORS CAME.

296
00:20:39,926 --> 00:20:44,798
SO DID LAND SPECULATORS,
FUGITIVES, LAWYERS...

297
00:20:47,700 --> 00:20:50,419
AND A TALL
39-YEAR-OLD TENNESSEAN

298
00:20:50,486 --> 00:20:53,673
WITH A DECIDEDLY
MIXED REPUTATION.

299
00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:56,175
RAISED BY HIS WIDOWED MOTHER

300
00:20:56,242 --> 00:20:59,195
AND INFORMALLY ADOPTED
BY THE CHEROKEES,

301
00:20:59,262 --> 00:21:03,399
HE HAD DISTINGUISHED HIMSELF
IN THE WAR OF 1812,

302
00:21:03,466 --> 00:21:07,220
SERVED IN CONGRESS, AND WAS
NOW GOVERNOR OF TENNESSEE.

303
00:21:07,287 --> 00:21:13,159
MANY ASSUMED THAT HE,
LIKE HIS MENTOR ANDREW JACKSON,

304
00:21:13,226 --> 00:21:15,729
WOULD ONE DAY BE PRESIDENT.

305
00:21:15,795 --> 00:21:19,115
HIS NAME WAS SAM HOUSTON.

306
00:21:19,182 --> 00:21:23,653
Richards: I THINK
THAT HE WAS PROLY

307
00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:24,954
ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT,

308
00:21:25,021 --> 00:21:29,192
THE MOST IRASCIBLE,
THE MOST PRINCIPLED,

309
00:21:29,259 --> 00:21:33,380
THE MOST OPINIONATED MAN
IN AMERICAN HISTORY.

310
00:21:33,446 --> 00:21:34,197
HE WAS FLAMBOYANT.

311
00:21:34,264 --> 00:21:37,067
HE WORE VESTS THAT WERE FURRY.

312
00:21:37,133 --> 00:21:38,451
AND HE WOULD HAVE ON A JACKET,

313
00:21:38,502 --> 00:21:40,837
AND ON TOP OF THAT
AN INDIAN BLANKET.

314
00:21:40,904 --> 00:21:43,473
HE WAS THE FIRST MAN
TO WEAR BEADS

315
00:21:43,539 --> 00:21:46,126
ON THE FLOOR
OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE.

316
00:21:46,193 --> 00:21:47,727
I LIKE THAT.

317
00:21:47,794 --> 00:21:51,964
Narrator: BUT AFTER HIS
YOUNG WIFE ABRUPTLY LEFT HIM,

318
00:21:52,032 --> 00:21:55,134
HOUSTON RESIGNED
THE GOVERNORSHIP

319
00:21:55,201 --> 00:21:58,704
WITHOUT EXPLANATION,
BEGAN DRINKING HEAVILY,

320
00:21:58,771 --> 00:22:02,375
AND FLED TO LIVE
WITH HIS CHEROKEE FRIENDS.

321
00:22:02,442 --> 00:22:08,064
HIS CAREER IN THE UNITED STATES
SEEMED OVER.

322
00:22:08,130 --> 00:22:11,451
SAM HOUSTON HEADED FOR TEXAS.

323
00:22:14,303 --> 00:22:18,157
AN EAGLE SWOOPED DOWN
NEAR MY HEAD

324
00:22:18,224 --> 00:22:21,928
AND THEN, SOARING ALOFT
WITH WILDEST SCREAMS,

325
00:22:21,994 --> 00:22:29,102
WAS LOST IN THE RAYS
OF THE SETTING SUN.

326
00:22:29,169 --> 00:22:29,719
I KNEW THAT A GREAT DESTINY
WAITED FOR ME IN THE WEST --

327
00:22:29,786 --> 00:22:33,323
SAM HOUSTON.

328
00:22:33,389 --> 00:22:36,208
Narrator:
THERE WERE NOW NEARLY 35,000

329
00:22:36,276 --> 00:22:40,446
AMERICAN-BORN IMMIGRANTS
AND THEIR SLAVES IN TEXAS --

330
00:22:40,513 --> 00:22:43,967
TEN TIMES THE NUMBER
OF SPANISH-SPEAKING TEJANOS.

331
00:22:44,033 --> 00:22:45,451
DESPITE GROWING TENSIONS,

332
00:22:45,502 --> 00:22:48,205
AND DESPITE
THEIR MANY DIFFERENCES,

333
00:22:48,271 --> 00:22:50,990
BOTH GROUPS
AGREED ON ONE THING --

334
00:22:51,057 --> 00:22:55,862
THEY RESENTED TAKING ORDERS
FROM FAR-OFF MEXICO CITY.

335
00:22:58,931 --> 00:23:03,420
THEN IN 1835, GENERAL
ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA

336
00:23:03,487 --> 00:23:06,289
WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF MEXICO.

337
00:23:06,355 --> 00:23:11,911
AT FIRST, HE PROMISED TO RESTORE
GREATER AUTONOMY TO TEXAS.

338
00:23:11,977 --> 00:23:15,631
INSTEAD, SANTA ANNA
DECLARED HIMSELF DICTATOR,

339
00:23:15,698 --> 00:23:17,867
THE "NAPOLEON OF THE WEST,"

340
00:23:17,934 --> 00:23:21,972
AND WHEN TEXANS REBELLED
AND TALKED OF INDEPENDENCE,

341
00:23:22,038 --> 00:23:25,225
HE LED AN ARMY NORTH --

342
00:23:25,291 --> 00:23:32,215
5,300 MEN FLYING A BLACK FLAG
THAT MEANT NO QUARTER.

343
00:23:32,282 --> 00:23:36,202
Houston:LET EACH MAN COME
WITH A GOOD RIFLE

344
00:23:36,269 --> 00:23:41,424
AND 100 ROUNDS OF AMMUNITION --
AND COME SOON --

345
00:23:41,491 --> 00:23:42,959
SAM HOUSTON.

346
00:23:43,026 --> 00:23:46,796
Narrator: BECAUSE OF HIS
PAST MILITARY EXPERIENCE,

347
00:23:46,862 --> 00:23:52,718
SAM HOUSTON WAS PUT IN COMMAND
OF TEXAN FORCES.

348
00:23:52,785 --> 00:23:54,003
HE CALLED FOR MORE MEN --

349
00:23:54,070 --> 00:23:56,289
FROM TEXAS
ANDFROM THE UNITED STATES.

350
00:23:56,355 --> 00:24:01,143
IN WASHINGTON,
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON

351
00:24:01,210 --> 00:24:03,746
ORDERED A POLICY
OF STRICT NEUTRALITY --

352
00:24:03,813 --> 00:24:08,468
HE WANTED TO BUY TEXAS,
NOT FIGHT A WAR OVER IT.

353
00:24:08,534 --> 00:24:12,455
BUT "TEXAS MEETINGS"
WERE HELD ALL OVER THE COUNTRY.

354
00:24:12,521 --> 00:24:15,241
EAGER YOUNG MEN SIGNED UP
BY THE BATTALION.

355
00:24:20,647 --> 00:24:23,349
IN SAN ANTONIO, 146 MEN GATHERED

356
00:24:23,415 --> 00:24:27,119
AT AN OLD SPANISH MISSION
CALLED THE ALAMO

357
00:24:27,186 --> 00:24:30,806
TO STOP SANTA ANNA'S ARMY.

358
00:24:30,873 --> 00:24:35,178
HOUSTON BELIEVED THE ALAMO
WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEFEND,

359
00:24:35,245 --> 00:24:37,079
AND ORDERED IT BLOWN UP.

360
00:24:37,146 --> 00:24:38,881
BUT THE MEN INSIDE --

361
00:24:38,948 --> 00:24:42,902
INCLUDING AN ALCOHOLIC
ADVENTURER NAMED JIM BOWIE

362
00:24:42,969 --> 00:24:45,755
AND A FORMER
TENNESSEE CONGRESSMAN

363
00:24:45,822 --> 00:24:48,191
NAMED DAVY CROCKETT --

364
00:24:48,258 --> 00:24:51,052
DECIDED ON THEIR OWN
TO STAY AND FIGHT.

365
00:24:56,799 --> 00:25:01,137
AND DEMANDED
THAT THE ALAMO'S OCCUPANTS

366
00:25:01,204 --> 00:25:04,824
SURRENDER OR BE ANNIHILATED.

367
00:25:04,891 --> 00:25:09,362
ITS COMMANDER,
WILLIAM BARRET TRAVIS,

368
00:25:09,429 --> 00:25:10,530
ANSWERED WITH A CANNON SHOT.

369
00:25:10,596 --> 00:25:15,167
THE MEXICANS SETTLED IN
FOR A SIEGE.

370
00:25:15,234 --> 00:25:19,089
TRAVIS SCRIBBLED OUT AN URGENT
PLEA FOR REINFORCEMENTS

371
00:25:19,155 --> 00:25:22,208
AND ENTRUSTED IT
TO A 30-YEAR-OLD CAPTAIN

372
00:25:22,274 --> 00:25:26,229
OF THE TEXAS ARMY,
A TEJANO NAMED JUAN SEGUIN.

373
00:25:26,295 --> 00:25:30,516
HE SLIPPED
THROUGH THE MEXICAN LINES

374
00:25:30,583 --> 00:25:32,652
AND DELIVERED THE CALL FOR HELP.

375
00:25:35,188 --> 00:25:36,672
MEANWHILE,
IN A RUNDOWN FARMHOUSE

376
00:25:36,739 --> 00:25:40,676
IN THE TINY SETTLEMENT
OF WASHINGTON-ON-THE-BRAZOS,

377
00:25:40,744 --> 00:25:43,213
59 MEN, INCLUDING THREE TEJANOS,

378
00:25:43,279 --> 00:25:45,832
DECLARED TEXAS
AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC

379
00:25:45,898 --> 00:25:48,001
AND HAMMERED OUT A CONSTITUTION

380
00:25:48,067 --> 00:25:51,187
MODELED AFTER THAT
OF THE UNITED STATES.

381
00:25:51,254 --> 00:25:55,342
BUT THERE WOULD BE
NO REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE ALAMO.

382
00:25:55,408 --> 00:26:00,246
HOUSTON STILL CONSIDERED IT
FOLLY FOR HIS OUTNUMBERED ARMY

383
00:26:00,313 --> 00:26:02,615
TO FIGHT SANTA ANNA THERE.

384
00:26:02,682 --> 00:26:08,104
[ BUGLE PLAYS ]

385
00:26:08,170 --> 00:26:13,342
AT 5:00 A.M., ON THE MORNING
OF MARCH 6, 1836,

386
00:26:13,409 --> 00:26:16,095
AFTER 13 DAYS OF SIEGE,

387
00:26:16,161 --> 00:26:20,700
SANTA ANNA'S BUGLER
BLEW THE DEGUELLO,

388
00:26:20,767 --> 00:26:27,540
THE SIGNAL FOR DEATH
IN THE BULL RING.

389
00:26:29,108 --> 00:26:31,677
TWENTY-SIX HUNDRED MEXICAN
SOLDIERS CHARGED THE ALAMO --

390
00:26:31,744 --> 00:26:34,931
INTO A HAIL OF TEXAN GUNFIRE.

391
00:26:34,998 --> 00:26:39,185
AT LEAST 600 MEXICAN SOLDIERS
DIED THAT MORNING --

392
00:26:39,252 --> 00:26:41,987
THOUGH SANTA ANNA
WOULD OFFICIALLY ADMIT

393
00:26:42,054 --> 00:26:44,841
TO JUST 70 DEATHS AMONG HIS MEN.

394
00:26:44,907 --> 00:26:47,343
BUT THE ODDS
PROVED OVERWHELMING.

395
00:26:47,410 --> 00:26:52,165
IN A MATTER OF HOURS,
THE ALAMO WAS TAKEN,

396
00:26:52,231 --> 00:26:56,468
AND IN THE END,
ALL ITS DEFENDERS --

397
00:26:56,535 --> 00:27:00,906
AMERICANS AND TEJANOS ALIKE --
LAY DEAD.

398
00:27:05,645 --> 00:27:07,814
Santos: WHAT IS IMPORTANT
ABOUT THE ALAMO

399
00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:10,566
IS NOT THE NUMBER OF MEN
OR WHO THEY WERE,

400
00:27:10,633 --> 00:27:12,318
OR THE VARIOUS PERSONALITIES,

401
00:27:12,385 --> 00:27:14,971
BUT THE FACT
THAT THIS SMALL GROUP OF MEN

402
00:27:15,037 --> 00:27:18,574
CHOSE TO DEFEND
AN IMPOSSIBLE POSITION

403
00:27:18,658 --> 00:27:23,163
AGAINST A SUPERIOR NUMBER
AND HELD IT FOR 13 DAYS.

404
00:27:23,229 --> 00:27:30,336
THEY CHOSE THIS PLACE KNOWING
THAT IT WOULD MEAN SURE DEATH.

405
00:27:32,638 --> 00:27:33,789
Narrator: THE KILLING WENT ON.

406
00:27:33,856 --> 00:27:37,693
SANTA ANNA TOOK A SECOND FORT,
CALLED GOLIAD.

407
00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,880
ITS DEFENDERS WERE "PIRATES,"
HE SAID,

408
00:27:40,946 --> 00:27:45,067
FOREIGNERS INTENT ON STEALING
MEXICAN TERRITORY.

409
00:27:45,151 --> 00:27:51,107
HE ORDERED 300 MEN --
MOST OF THEM AMERICANS --

410
00:27:51,174 --> 00:27:55,912
TO BE SHOT
AND THEIR CORPSES BURNED.

411
00:27:55,995 --> 00:27:58,531
OUR GARRISON WAS TAKEN
AND MASSACRED.

412
00:27:58,597 --> 00:28:02,869
IF SUCH CONDUCT
IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO AROUSE

413
00:28:02,935 --> 00:28:06,872
THE PATRIOTIC FEELINGS
OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY,

414
00:28:06,939 --> 00:28:08,491
I KNOW NOT WHAT WILL.

415
00:28:08,558 --> 00:28:12,394
RATHER THAN BE DRIVEN OUT
OF THIS COUNTRY,

416
00:28:12,461 --> 00:28:14,213
I WILL LEAVE MY BONES

417
00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,966
TO BLANCH
ON THE PLAINS OF TEXAS --

418
00:28:17,032 --> 00:28:19,235
PRIVATE G.A. GIDDINGS.

419
00:28:19,302 --> 00:28:22,221
Narrator: SANTA ANNA PUSHED ON.

420
00:28:22,288 --> 00:28:25,158
NOW, ALL THAT STOOD BETWEEN HIM

421
00:28:25,208 --> 00:28:29,328
AND THE DEFENSELESS SETTLEMENTS
IN EAST TEXAS

422
00:28:29,395 --> 00:28:33,566
WAS A SMALL, POORLY TRAINED
ARMY OF VOLUNTEERS --

423
00:28:33,633 --> 00:28:38,071
AND THEIR ERRATIC
AND UNPREDICTABLE COMMANDER,

424
00:28:38,137 --> 00:28:40,139
SAM HOUSTON.

425
00:29:01,094 --> 00:29:09,868
Woman: A WAYAKIN
IS YOUR GUARDIAN SPIRIT

426
00:29:09,935 --> 00:29:13,056
AND I COLLECTED
ABOUT 16 OF THEM.

427
00:29:13,122 --> 00:29:18,861
AND THE MOST INTERESTING THAT I
HAVE IS THE ONE OF MY FATHER'S,

428
00:29:18,928 --> 00:29:20,696
BECAUSE THERE WERE
DIFFERENT ANIMALS

429
00:29:20,764 --> 00:29:22,181
THAT TALK TO HIM
AT THE SAME TIME.

430
00:29:22,248 --> 00:29:26,452
AND EACH ONE OF THEM
GAVE HIM THIS CERTAIN THING.

431
00:29:26,519 --> 00:29:28,687
THE CHIPMUNK SAID,
"WELL, I'LL GIVE YOU

432
00:29:28,754 --> 00:29:31,507
"A LOT OF GOOD, FAST MOVEMENTS.

433
00:29:31,574 --> 00:29:32,258
YOU WILL BE A QUICK PERSON."

434
00:29:32,324 --> 00:29:33,709
AND THE BADGER SAYS,

435
00:29:33,777 --> 00:29:36,762
"I WILL GIVE YOU STEADFASTNESS.
YOU WILL BE STRONG."

436
00:29:36,829 --> 00:29:39,064
AND THE DOG SAID,

437
00:29:39,131 --> 00:29:41,817
"I'M GOING TO GIVE HIM
LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP.

438
00:29:41,885 --> 00:29:45,004
I'M GOING TO BE WITH HIM
ALL THE TIME."

439
00:29:45,070 --> 00:29:48,557
AND THAT WAS HIS
GUARDIAN SPIRIT.

440
00:29:53,296 --> 00:29:55,665
Narrator:
BACK IN 1831, FOUR INDIANS --

441
00:29:55,731 --> 00:29:57,534
INCLUDING THREE NEZ PERCE

442
00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:00,987
FROM THE TRIBE WHO HAD HELPED
LEWIS AND CLARK

443
00:30:01,053 --> 00:30:04,974
SURVIVE THEIR TIME
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST --

444
00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:06,292
TRAVELED EASTWARD,

445
00:30:06,359 --> 00:30:08,794
OVER THE MOUNTAINS
AND ACROSS THE PLAINS,

446
00:30:08,845 --> 00:30:11,881
NEARLY 2,000 MILES
TO ST. LOUIS.

447
00:30:11,965 --> 00:30:13,816
THEY HAD COME, THEY SAID,

448
00:30:13,883 --> 00:30:17,236
BECAUSE THEY HAD HEARD
OF A BLACK BOOK

449
00:30:17,302 --> 00:30:22,358
THAT GAVE WHOEVER POSSESSED IT
ADDITIONAL POWER AND PRESTIGE.

450
00:30:22,424 --> 00:30:25,411
Lawyer:
THEY WERE LOOKING FOR THE BIBLE,

451
00:30:25,478 --> 00:30:29,415
AND THEY THOUGHT THAT THEY WOULD
GET POWER FROM IT,

452
00:30:29,482 --> 00:30:33,703
JUST LIKE THAT THEY WOULD GET
FROM THEIR WAYAKIN.

453
00:30:33,770 --> 00:30:38,073
Narrator: A HIGHLY EMBELLISHED
ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS' JOURNEY

454
00:30:38,140 --> 00:30:42,194
MADE ITS WAY INTO
THE PROTESTANT MISSIONARY PRESS.

455
00:30:42,245 --> 00:30:47,833
THE NEZ PERCE, IT SAID,
WERE PLEADING FOR SALVATION.

456
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:54,174
[ WOMAN HUMS ]

457
00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:57,961
IN THE SPRING OF 1836, A SMALL
PARTY OF MISSIONARIES RESPONDED,

458
00:30:58,027 --> 00:31:01,146
AND BEGAN THE LONG TREK
FROM MISSOURI

459
00:31:01,214 --> 00:31:04,933
TO THE BRITISH TRADING POST
OF FORT VANCOUVER

460
00:31:05,018 --> 00:31:09,655
ALONG A ROUTE THAT WOULD
SOON BE CALLED THE OREGON TRAIL.

461
00:31:09,721 --> 00:31:12,909
[ HUMMING CONTINUES ]

462
00:31:12,975 --> 00:31:16,345
♪ IN THE DESERTS LET ME LABOR ♪

463
00:31:16,429 --> 00:31:19,982
♪ ON THE MOUNTAINS LET ME TELL ♪

464
00:31:20,049 --> 00:31:24,387
♪ HOW HE DIED,
THE BLESSED SAVIOR ♪

465
00:31:24,453 --> 00:31:28,591
♪ TO REDEEM A WORLD FROM HELL ♪

466
00:31:28,658 --> 00:31:32,445
♪ LET ME HASTEN, LET ME HASTEN ♪

467
00:31:32,512 --> 00:31:37,350
♪ FAR IN HEATHEN LANDS
TO DWELL ♪♪♪

468
00:31:40,169 --> 00:31:42,571
AMONG THE CHRISTIAN PIONEERS

469
00:31:42,638 --> 00:31:47,459
WERE DR. MARCUS WHITMAN
AND HIS YOUNG WIFE, NARCISSA,

470
00:31:47,526 --> 00:31:49,262
WHO FROM HER EARLIEST CHILDHOOD

471
00:31:49,328 --> 00:31:52,331
HAD DREAMED
OF BECOMING A MISSIONARY.

472
00:31:52,398 --> 00:31:56,068
SHE HAD MARRIED WHITMAN
SPECIFICALLY TO GO WEST

473
00:31:56,134 --> 00:32:00,406
AND SPREAD THE WORD OF CHRIST
TO THOSE IN NEED OF IT.

474
00:32:00,472 --> 00:32:05,995
OUR DESIRE NOW IS TO BE USEFUL
TO THESE BENIGHTED INDIANS,

475
00:32:06,078 --> 00:32:10,416
TEACHING THEM
THE WAY OF SALVATION.

476
00:32:10,483 --> 00:32:11,667
IT IS A GREAT RESPONSIBILITY

477
00:32:11,733 --> 00:32:14,270
TO BE PIONEERS
IN SO GREAT A WORK.

478
00:32:14,336 --> 00:32:18,240
IT IS WITH CAUTIOUS STEPS
THAT WE ENTER ON IT --

479
00:32:18,307 --> 00:32:20,092
NARCISSA WHITMAN.

480
00:32:27,532 --> 00:32:30,686
Woman: WELL, I DON'T THINK
SHE REALLY KNEW

481
00:32:30,753 --> 00:32:33,839
WHAT SHE WAS GOING OUT
TO DO IN THE WEST.

482
00:32:33,906 --> 00:32:37,426
SHE HAD GROWN UP READING,
CONSUMING VORACIOUSLY

483
00:32:37,493 --> 00:32:41,280
THE LITERATURE OF THE
MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF HER DAY.

484
00:32:41,347 --> 00:32:45,485
GOING OUT TO LIVE OUT A SCENARIO

485
00:32:45,551 --> 00:32:47,887
THAT SHE HAD REALLY READ ABOUT.

486
00:32:47,954 --> 00:32:51,206
THAT IS, SHE WOULD ARRIVE,
HOPEFULLY BE WELCOMED,

487
00:32:51,273 --> 00:32:54,626
AND SOMEHOW BRING ABOUT
THIS MONUMENTAL CONVERSION

488
00:32:54,677 --> 00:32:56,879
OF THE PEOPLE
WITH WHOM SHE WORKED.

489
00:32:56,946 --> 00:33:01,033
SHE HAD NO REAL IDEAS AT ALL
AS TO WHAT THE WEST WAS LIKE,

490
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:03,685
OR WHAT MISSIONARY WORK
WOULD BE LIKE.

491
00:33:03,752 --> 00:33:11,511
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

492
00:33:16,048 --> 00:33:18,584
Narrator:
WHILE OTHER MISSIONARIES

493
00:33:18,651 --> 00:33:20,035
WENT TO THE NEZ PERCE,

494
00:33:20,119 --> 00:33:21,904
THE WHITMANS SETTLED
AT A PLACE CALLED WAIILATPU,

495
00:33:21,970 --> 00:33:26,592
ON THE NORTH BANK
OF THE WALLA WALLA RIVER,

496
00:33:26,658 --> 00:33:27,693
IN THE LAND OF THE CAYUSE.

497
00:33:27,760 --> 00:33:30,396
THINGS DID NOT GO WELL
FOR THE WHITMANS.

498
00:33:30,463 --> 00:33:34,833
TILOUKAIKT, A CAYUSE CHIEF,
WELCOMED THEM,

499
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:38,904
BUT WONDERED WHY THEY FAILED
TO OFFER GIFTS,

500
00:33:38,971 --> 00:33:40,506
AS WAS THE CAYUSE CUSTOM.

501
00:33:40,573 --> 00:33:44,494
HIS PEOPLE COULD NOT UNDERSTAND
WHY THE WHITMANS INSISTED

502
00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:48,764
THEY MUST COMPLETELY
ABANDON THEIR OWN FAITH.

503
00:33:48,831 --> 00:33:50,048
AND THEY WERE INSULTED

504
00:33:50,115 --> 00:33:54,002
WHEN NARCISSA BARRED THEM
FROM HER PARLOR.

505
00:33:54,069 --> 00:33:55,670
Whitman:THE INDIANS SAID

506
00:33:55,738 --> 00:33:58,273
THEY WOULD WORSHIP
IN OUR NEW HOUSE.

507
00:33:58,340 --> 00:34:00,659
WE TOLD THEM OUR HOUSE
WAS TO LIVE IN,

508
00:34:00,726 --> 00:34:03,396
AND WE COULD NOT HAVE THEM
WORSHIP THERE

509
00:34:03,462 --> 00:34:06,782
FOR FEAR THEY WOULD MAKE IT
SO DIRTY AND FULL OF FLEAS

510
00:34:06,849 --> 00:34:09,084
THAT WE COULD NOT LIVE IN IT.

511
00:34:09,151 --> 00:34:14,306
Jeffrey: I THINK NARCISSA
REALLY DIDN'T LIKE THEM AT ALL,

512
00:34:14,373 --> 00:34:17,759
AND THAT SHE SAW THEM
AS EVERYTHING

513
00:34:17,826 --> 00:34:23,148
THAT WAS THE POLAR OPPOSITE
OF WHAT SHE LOVED AND VALUED.

514
00:34:23,215 --> 00:34:26,519
THE KINDS OF WORDS
THAT SHE USES --

515
00:34:26,585 --> 00:34:31,390
SAVAGE, IGNORANT,
LAZY, HEATHENISH --

516
00:34:31,441 --> 00:34:33,359
THE WAY SHE CALLED
HER MISSION STATION

517
00:34:33,425 --> 00:34:36,778
A DARK AND SAVAGE PLACE --

518
00:34:36,863 --> 00:34:38,514
GIVE YOU SOME SENSE
OF THIS EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

519
00:34:38,581 --> 00:34:41,300
TO PEOPLE
WHOM SHE COULDN'T UNDERSTAND,

520
00:34:41,366 --> 00:34:45,904
WHO FRIGHTENED HER,
AND WHO WOULDN'T CHANGE

521
00:34:45,971 --> 00:34:49,325
IN THE WAYS THAT SHE REALLY
THOUGHT THEY OUGHT TO CHANGE

522
00:34:49,391 --> 00:34:49,691
FOR THEIR OWN GOOD.

523
00:34:52,745 --> 00:34:56,315
Narrator: NARCISSA HAD GIVEN
BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER, ALICE.

524
00:34:56,381 --> 00:34:59,485
BUT AT AGE 2,
THE LITTLE GIRL DROWNED

525
00:34:59,552 --> 00:35:02,254
IN THE RIVER
NEXT TO THE MISSION.

526
00:35:02,321 --> 00:35:06,375
GRIEVING AND LONELY,
NARCISSA SOMETIMES

527
00:35:06,441 --> 00:35:09,428
WENT TWO YEARS
WITHOUT A LETTER FROM HOME.

528
00:35:09,494 --> 00:35:13,999
EACH DAY SHE AND THE OTHER
MISSIONARY WIVES IN THE REGION

529
00:35:14,066 --> 00:35:18,404
PAUSED TO PRAY FOR EACH OTHER
AND THEIR FAMILIES.

530
00:35:18,454 --> 00:35:22,341
Jeffrey: I'VE ALWAYS FOUND IT
TO BE VERY POIGNANT --

531
00:35:22,407 --> 00:35:26,111
A SIGN OF THEIR LONELINESS,
AND HOW DIFFICULT IT WAS,

532
00:35:26,178 --> 00:35:29,398
AND HOW THEY TRIED
TO COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER

533
00:35:29,464 --> 00:35:31,417
THROUGH THEIR SPIRITS.

534
00:35:36,055 --> 00:35:40,142
Narrator:
DURING THEIR FIRST YEARS,

535
00:35:40,209 --> 00:35:43,595
THE WHITMANS MANAGED TO CONVERT
ONE SCOTTISH VISITOR,

536
00:35:43,662 --> 00:35:45,330
ONE FRENCH-CANADIAN CATHOLIC,

537
00:35:45,397 --> 00:35:49,051
AND SEVERAL HAWAIIAN LABORERS
WHO WORKED FOR THE MISSION.

538
00:35:49,117 --> 00:35:55,741
BUT THEY FAILED TO MAKE A SINGLE
CONVERT AMONG THE CAYUSE.

539
00:35:55,808 --> 00:36:01,529
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

540
00:36:01,597 --> 00:36:03,932
Whitman:NEVER WAS
I MORE KEENLY SENSIBLE

541
00:36:03,999 --> 00:36:07,936
TO THE SELF-DENIALS
OF A MISSIONARY LIFE.

542
00:36:08,003 --> 00:36:09,454
EVEN NOW WHILE I AM WRITING,

543
00:36:09,521 --> 00:36:12,607
THE DRUM AND THE SAVAGE YELL
ARE SOUNDING IN MY EARS,

544
00:36:12,674 --> 00:36:14,342
EVERY SOUND OF WHICH

545
00:36:14,409 --> 00:36:18,880
IS AS FAR AS THE EAST
IS FROM THE WEST

546
00:36:18,948 --> 00:36:21,183
FROM VIBRATING IN UNISON
WITH MY FEELINGS.

547
00:36:21,250 --> 00:36:25,254
DEAR FRIENDS, WILL YOU NOT
SOMETIME THINK OF ME

548
00:36:25,321 --> 00:36:31,827
ALMOST ALONE IN THE MIDST
OF SAVAGE DARKNESS?

549
00:36:40,269 --> 00:36:42,704
GENERAL HOUSTON, SIR --

550
00:36:42,771 --> 00:36:46,241
THE ENEMY ARE LAUGHING YOU
TO SCORN.

551
00:36:46,308 --> 00:36:48,444
YOU MUST FIGHT THEM.

552
00:36:48,510 --> 00:36:51,330
YOU MUST RETREAT NO FURTHER.

553
00:36:51,397 --> 00:36:54,466
THE COUNTRY EXPECTS YOU
TO FIGHT.

554
00:36:54,533 --> 00:36:59,704
THE SALVATION OF THE COUNTRY
DEPENDS ON YOUR DOING SO --

555
00:36:59,771 --> 00:37:03,342
DAVID BURNETT,
PRESIDENT OF TEXAS.

556
00:37:03,408 --> 00:37:06,045
Man: AFTER THE ALAMO FELL,

557
00:37:06,111 --> 00:37:10,949
AND SANTA ANNA ORDERED
ALL THE PRISONERS SHOT,

558
00:37:11,016 --> 00:37:13,702
HE HAD SAID
HE WAS GONNA KILL EVERYBODY

559
00:37:13,769 --> 00:37:16,438
THAT'S OPPOSING
THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT.

560
00:37:16,504 --> 00:37:20,358
THERE'S TERRIFIC PANIC
OVER THE COUNTRY.

561
00:37:20,409 --> 00:37:23,995
AND EVERY FAMILY THAT COULD
GOT THEIR BELONGINGS TOGETHER

562
00:37:24,062 --> 00:37:27,782
IN A BUGGY OR A WAGON OR
WHATEVER THEY HAD, A HORSEBACK.

563
00:37:27,849 --> 00:37:31,253
SOME DIDN'T HAVE ANY VEHICLES.

564
00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:35,207
WALKING, CARRY WHAT YOU COULD,
DRAG IT, OR PUT IT ON A MULE.

565
00:37:35,273 --> 00:37:39,678
AND THE FAMILIES
JUST ABANDONED THEIR HOMES.

566
00:37:39,745 --> 00:37:42,081
AND THAT WAS CALLED
THE "RUNAWAY SCRAPE."

567
00:37:42,147 --> 00:37:46,151
AND THEY WERE TRYING
TO GET ACROSS THE SABINE RIVER

568
00:37:46,218 --> 00:37:49,355
TO GET INTO NEW ORLEANS
BEFORE THEY GOT KILLED.

569
00:37:50,705 --> 00:37:54,193
Narrator: THE FLEDGLING
GOVERNMENT OF TEXAS

570
00:37:54,243 --> 00:37:56,878
RETREATED TO THE LITTLE TOWN
OF HARRISBURG.

571
00:37:56,946 --> 00:38:00,816
THERE, THEY DEMANDED THAT
SAM HOUSTON STAND AND FIGHT.

572
00:38:00,883 --> 00:38:03,452
BUT HOUSTON
KEPT HIS OWN COUNSEL,

573
00:38:03,518 --> 00:38:07,289
PORING OVER CAESAR'S
COMMENTARIES ON WAR,

574
00:38:07,356 --> 00:38:08,940
GNAWING ON THE RAW EARS OF CORN

575
00:38:09,007 --> 00:38:11,927
WITH WHICH
HE FILLED HIS SADDLEBAGS.

576
00:38:11,994 --> 00:38:15,664
Houston:HAD I CONSULTED
THE WISHES OF ALL,

577
00:38:15,731 --> 00:38:21,086
I SHOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE THE ASS
BETWEEN TWO STACKS OF HAY.

578
00:38:21,153 --> 00:38:25,524
I CONSULTED NO ONE.
I HELD NO COUNCILS OF WAR.

579
00:38:25,591 --> 00:38:28,427
IF I ERR, THE BLAME IS MINE.

580
00:38:28,493 --> 00:38:32,765
Narrator: HOUSTON AND HIS
SMALL ARMY WERE IN FULL RETREAT,

581
00:38:32,831 --> 00:38:34,800
ZIG-ZAGGING ACROSS TEXAS,

582
00:38:34,867 --> 00:38:40,256
KEEPING JUST OUT OF RANGE
OF THE ADVANCING MEXICANS.

583
00:38:40,322 --> 00:38:43,224
RUMORS SPREAD THAT ALCOHOL
HAD UNDERCUT HIS COURAGE.

584
00:38:43,291 --> 00:38:47,196
SETTLERS JEERED HIM
FROM THE ROADSIDE.

585
00:38:47,262 --> 00:38:51,000
Yarborough: AND THE MEN
UNDER HIM SAID HE IS A COWARD.

586
00:38:51,066 --> 00:38:52,784
AND SIDNEY SHERMAN, THE COLONEL,
TRIED TO REPLACE HIM.

587
00:38:52,851 --> 00:38:55,538
SAM HOUSTON SAID,
"ANYBODY THAT TRIES TO REMOVE ME

588
00:38:55,604 --> 00:38:58,757
FROM THIS COMMAND,
I'LL EXECUTE HIM ON THE SPOT."

589
00:39:01,093 --> 00:39:04,346
Narrator: FOR MORE THAN A MONTH,

590
00:39:04,413 --> 00:39:06,448
SANTA ANNA
PURSUED HOUSTON'S ELUSIVE ARMY.

591
00:39:06,515 --> 00:39:09,501
THEN THE MEXICAN GENERAL
MADE A MISTAKE.

592
00:39:09,568 --> 00:39:12,638
HE DIVIDED HIS TROOPS
AND VEERED OFF

593
00:39:12,688 --> 00:39:16,741
IN HOPES OF CAPTURING
THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT.

594
00:39:16,808 --> 00:39:20,645
HOUSTON SLIPPED UP BEHIND HIM
AT A BEND IN A RIVER

595
00:39:20,712 --> 00:39:22,714
CALLED THE SAN JACINTO.

596
00:39:22,781 --> 00:39:24,717
Houston:APRIL 21, 1836.

597
00:39:24,783 --> 00:39:28,504
WE ARE IN PREPARATION
TO MEET SANTA ANNA.

598
00:39:28,570 --> 00:39:32,023
IT IS THE ONLY CHANCE
OF SAVING TEXAS.

599
00:39:32,090 --> 00:39:33,658
WE GO TO CONQUER.

600
00:39:33,725 --> 00:39:38,530
IT IS WISDOM
GROWING OUT OF NECESSITY

601
00:39:38,597 --> 00:39:39,481
TO MEET THE ENEMY NOW.

602
00:39:39,548 --> 00:39:41,483
Narrator: SANTA ANNA'S ARMY

603
00:39:41,550 --> 00:39:45,587
WAS SURROUNDED BY WATER
ON THREE SIDES.

604
00:39:45,654 --> 00:39:49,341
HOUSTON'S 800 MEN MOVED
INTO POSITION ON THE 4th.

605
00:39:49,408 --> 00:39:52,694
Yarborough:
THERE WERE TREES THERE.

606
00:39:52,778 --> 00:39:55,413
HOUSTON HAD MEN
UP IN THOSE TREES WATCHING THEM,

607
00:39:55,481 --> 00:39:57,716
AND CALLING DOWN TO HIM
WHAT THEY WERE DOING.

608
00:39:57,783 --> 00:40:00,769
HE SAYS, "THE CAVALRY OVER THERE
HAVE TAKEN THEIR SADDLES OFF.

609
00:40:00,835 --> 00:40:03,004
"THEY'RE TAKING THEIR HORSES
TO DRINK.

610
00:40:03,072 --> 00:40:05,674
"THIS IS SIESTA TIME --
IT'S 3:30.

611
00:40:05,741 --> 00:40:07,376
AND MOST OF THE MEXICANS
ARE HAVING THEIR SIESTA."

612
00:40:07,443 --> 00:40:11,446
HOUSTON IMMEDIATELY ORDERED THEM
TO LINE UP.

613
00:40:18,720 --> 00:40:20,423
Narrator: "TRUST IN GOD
AND FEAR NOT!" HE TOLD HIS MEN.

614
00:40:20,489 --> 00:40:23,442
"REMEMBER GOLIAD!
REMEMBER THE ALAMO!"

615
00:40:23,508 --> 00:40:27,229
HOUSTON LED THE CHARGE HIMSELF,
SWINGING HIS SABER.

616
00:40:27,295 --> 00:40:30,382
HIS HORSE FELL, HIT FIVE TIMES.

617
00:40:30,448 --> 00:40:34,586
HOUSTON
CLIMBED ONTO ANOTHER HORSE.

618
00:40:34,653 --> 00:40:35,970
IT, TOO, WAS KILLED.

619
00:40:36,037 --> 00:40:40,208
AND THIS TIME,
HOUSTON'S RIGHT LEG

620
00:40:40,275 --> 00:40:42,010
WAS SPLINTERED BY A MUSKET BALL.

621
00:40:42,094 --> 00:40:45,414
BUT SANTA ANNA'S ARMY
WAS ON THE RUN.

622
00:40:45,480 --> 00:40:48,266
THE TEXANS
AND A COMPANY OF TEJANOS

623
00:40:48,333 --> 00:40:51,787
UNDER JUAN SEGUIN
WERE RIGHT BEHIND THEM.

624
00:40:51,853 --> 00:40:56,158
THE FIGHTING
LASTED JUST 18 MINUTES...

625
00:40:56,225 --> 00:40:59,945
[ GUNS FIRE, HORSES NEIGH ]

626
00:41:00,012 --> 00:41:04,999
BUT THE SLAUGHTER
WENT ON FOR ANOTHER HOUR.

627
00:41:18,713 --> 00:41:23,802
WHEN IT WAS ALL OVER,
600 MEXICAN SOLDIERS LAY DEAD.

628
00:41:23,869 --> 00:41:26,705
NEARLY 700 MORE HAD SURRENDERED.

629
00:41:26,772 --> 00:41:32,160
THE SURPRISE HAD BEEN
SO COMPLETE, THE BLOW SO SUDDEN,

630
00:41:32,227 --> 00:41:38,300
THAT ONLY SIX TEXANS DIED DURING
THE BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO.

631
00:41:38,366 --> 00:41:42,220
SANTA ANNA HIMSELF
WAS MADE SAM HOUSTON'S PRISONER

632
00:41:42,287 --> 00:41:46,841
AND FORCED
TO SIGN A PIECE OF PAPER

633
00:41:46,908 --> 00:41:50,078
CEDING TEXAN INDEPENDENCE.

634
00:41:50,145 --> 00:41:54,366
NOW, THERE WERE
THREE INDEPENDENT REPUBLICS

635
00:41:54,433 --> 00:41:58,286
IN NORTH AMERICA --
MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES,

636
00:41:58,370 --> 00:42:03,642
AND UNDER PRESIDENT SAM HOUSTON,
THE NEW REPUBLIC OF TEXAS.

637
00:42:08,864 --> 00:42:12,084
THE LOSS OF TEXAS
WILL INEVITABLY RESULT

638
00:42:12,150 --> 00:42:16,088
IN THE LOSS OF NEW MEXICO
AND THE CALIFORNIAS.

639
00:42:16,154 --> 00:42:19,875
LITTLE BY LITTLE,
OUR TERRITORY WILL BE ABSORBED

640
00:42:19,941 --> 00:42:24,279
UNTIL ONLY AN INSIGNIFICANT
PART IS LEFT TO US.

641
00:42:24,346 --> 00:42:27,699
OUR NATIONAL EXISTENCE
WILL END

642
00:42:27,766 --> 00:42:32,854
LIKE THOSE WEAK METEORS
THAT FROM TIME TO TIME

643
00:42:32,921 --> 00:42:36,675
SHINE FITFULLY IN THE FIRMAMENT
AND DISAPPEAR --

644
00:42:36,742 --> 00:42:42,547
JOSE MARIA TORNEL Y MENDIVIL.

645
00:42:53,808 --> 00:42:57,362
Narrator:
IN THE EARLY MORNING HOURS

646
00:42:57,429 --> 00:42:58,647
OF NOVEMBER 14, 1833,

647
00:42:58,714 --> 00:43:02,951
ONE OF THE LARGEST
METEOR SHOWERS IN HISTORY

648
00:43:03,017 --> 00:43:08,306
LIT UP THE NIGHT SKY
OVER NORTH AMERICA.

649
00:43:08,373 --> 00:43:11,359
LONE DOG AND HIS LAKOTA BAND

650
00:43:11,426 --> 00:43:13,962
WATCHED IT
ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS,

651
00:43:14,029 --> 00:43:21,587
AND REMEMBERED 1833
AS "THE YEAR THE STARS FELL."

652
00:43:22,988 --> 00:43:25,190
ON THE SOUTHERN PLAINS,
A LARGE BAND OF KIOWA

653
00:43:25,257 --> 00:43:28,109
WERE CAMPED
IN THE WICHITA MOUNTAINS,

654
00:43:28,176 --> 00:43:30,511
WHERE THEY HAD BEEN DRIVEN

655
00:43:30,579 --> 00:43:33,732
WHEN THE CHEYENNE AND LAKOTA
TOOK OVER THE BLACK HILLS.

656
00:43:33,799 --> 00:43:40,389
Momaday: AND THEY WERE AWAKENED
BY THE LIGHT OF FALLING STARS.

657
00:43:40,455 --> 00:43:43,292
AND THEY RAN OUT
INTO THE FALSE DAY

658
00:43:43,358 --> 00:43:44,893
AND WERE TERRIFIED.

659
00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:48,447
THEY THOUGHT THE WORLD
WAS COMING TO AN END.

660
00:43:48,514 --> 00:43:52,033
YOU CAN IMAGINE
SOMETHING LIKE THAT HAPPENING

661
00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:55,804
DIRECTLY OVERHEAD,
THIS HAVOC IN THE NIGHT SKY.

662
00:43:55,871 --> 00:44:00,408
AND SO IT'S VERY MUCH
IN THEIR BLOOD MEMORY.

663
00:44:00,475 --> 00:44:05,731
I THINK THE KIOWAS TOOK
THE FALLING STARS AS A SIGN.

664
00:44:05,797 --> 00:44:09,818
IT WAS AN OMEN,
AND BAD THINGS FOLLOWED.

665
00:44:09,884 --> 00:44:14,439
YOU CAN START
COUNTING THE CATASTROPHES.

666
00:44:21,663 --> 00:44:26,285
[ BELL RINGS ]

667
00:44:26,351 --> 00:44:35,511
[ WOMAN SINGS "AMAZING GRACE"
IN UNKNOWN LANGUAGE ]

668
00:44:35,577 --> 00:44:39,464
Narrator: SOON, THE KIOWA
NOTICED A NEW PEOPLE

669
00:44:39,531 --> 00:44:44,319
COMING FROM THE EAST,
MOVING ONTO THE SOUTHERN PLAINS.

670
00:44:44,386 --> 00:44:48,306
THE SETTLERS
BUILT TOWNS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS.

671
00:44:48,373 --> 00:44:50,859
SOME OF THEM OWNED SLAVES.

672
00:44:50,926 --> 00:44:54,129
BUT THESE NEWCOMERS
WERE INDIANS, TOO.

673
00:44:54,196 --> 00:44:57,933
CHEROKEE -- ONE OF MANY PEOPLES
FROM THE EAST

674
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:02,020
FORCED INTO THE WEST
BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

675
00:45:02,070 --> 00:45:05,073
NO EASTERN TRIBE
HAD STRUGGLED HARDER

676
00:45:05,140 --> 00:45:09,578
OR MORE SUCCESSFULLY TO MAKE
WHITE CIVILIZATION THEIR OWN.

677
00:45:09,661 --> 00:45:14,132
FOR GENERATIONS, THE CHEROKEE
HAD LIVED SIDE BY SIDE

678
00:45:14,199 --> 00:45:16,301
WITH WHITES IN GEORGIA.

679
00:45:16,368 --> 00:45:19,655
THEY HAD DEVISED
A WRITTEN LANGUAGE,

680
00:45:19,721 --> 00:45:22,223
PUBLISHED THEIR OWN NEWSPAPER,

681
00:45:22,290 --> 00:45:26,495
ADOPTED A CONSTITUTION
AND THE CHRISTIAN FAITH.

682
00:45:26,561 --> 00:45:30,783
BUT AFTER GOLD
WAS DISCOVERED ON THEIR LAND,

683
00:45:30,849 --> 00:45:32,550
EVEN THEY WERE TOLD

684
00:45:32,617 --> 00:45:37,455
THEY WOULD HAVE TO START
OVER AGAIN IN THE WEST.

685
00:45:37,522 --> 00:45:46,330
[ SINGING CONTINUES ]

686
00:45:46,397 --> 00:45:50,202
MY FRIENDS, CIRCUMSTANCES
RENDER IT IMPOSSIBLE

687
00:45:50,268 --> 00:45:52,003
THAT YOU CAN FLOURISH

688
00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:55,390
IN THE MIDST
OF A CIVILIZED COMMUNITY.

689
00:45:55,456 --> 00:45:59,210
YOU HAVE BUT ONE REMEDY
WITHIN YOUR REACH.

690
00:45:59,277 --> 00:46:02,397
AND THAT IS
TO REMOVE TO THE WEST,

691
00:46:02,463 --> 00:46:06,935
AND THE SOONER YOU DO THIS,
THE SOONER WILL COMMENCE

692
00:46:07,002 --> 00:46:10,873
YOUR CAREER OF IMPROVEMENT
AND PROSPERITY --

693
00:46:10,939 --> 00:46:12,624
ANDREW JACKSON.

694
00:46:15,060 --> 00:46:17,129
Narrator: EARLY IN THE 1830s,

695
00:46:17,195 --> 00:46:20,898
CONGRESS HAD CREATED
A HUGE NEW "INDIAN TERRITORY,"

696
00:46:20,965 --> 00:46:25,303
WHICH WAS TO STRETCH FROM TEXAS
TO THE MIDDLE MISSOURI RIVER.

697
00:46:25,370 --> 00:46:29,123
IT WAS MEANT TO BE A BARRIER
TO WHITE EXPANSION --

698
00:46:29,208 --> 00:46:31,642
A PLACE
THE INDIANS WERE PROMISED

699
00:46:31,709 --> 00:46:35,164
THEY WOULD HAVE
TO THEMSELVES -- FOREVER.

700
00:46:38,517 --> 00:46:40,285
Limerick: ANOTHER WAY IN WHICH

701
00:46:40,352 --> 00:46:41,936
THE WEST WAS GOING TO SOLVE

702
00:46:42,003 --> 00:46:43,605
AMERICA'S PROBLEMS WAS THAT

703
00:46:43,671 --> 00:46:45,123
IT LOOKED LIKE THE PLACE

704
00:46:45,189 --> 00:46:46,924
WHERE YOU COULD PUT INDIANS.

705
00:46:46,991 --> 00:46:48,477
THERE'S ALL THAT SPACE.

706
00:46:48,543 --> 00:46:50,863
PUT THEM THERE, MOVE THEM.
MOVE THEM TO THE WEST.

707
00:46:50,929 --> 00:46:52,847
TAKE THEM
ACROSS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER,

708
00:46:52,914 --> 00:46:54,783
AND POSTERITY
CAN FIGURE THIS ONE OUT.

709
00:46:54,850 --> 00:46:56,718
POSTERITY
CAN INHERIT OUR DILEMMA.

710
00:46:56,785 --> 00:47:04,159
[ "AMAZING GRACE" PLAYS ]

711
00:47:12,233 --> 00:47:14,019
Narrator: ONE BY ONE,

712
00:47:14,085 --> 00:47:17,722
INDIAN PEOPLES
WERE REMOVED TO THE WEST --

713
00:47:17,788 --> 00:47:22,627
THE DELAWARE, OTTAWA,
SHAWNEE, AND POTAWATOMI...

714
00:47:22,694 --> 00:47:27,298
THE SAC AND FOX,
MIAMI AND KICKAPOO...

715
00:47:27,365 --> 00:47:32,236
THE CHOCTAW, CHICKASAW,
CREEK, AND SEMINOLE.

716
00:47:32,303 --> 00:47:37,159
IN ALL, SOME 90,000 INDIANS
WERE RELOCATED.

717
00:47:37,225 --> 00:47:41,246
THE CHEROKEE
WERE AMONG THE LAST TO GO.

718
00:47:41,312 --> 00:47:44,366
SOME RELUCTANTLY AGREED TO MOVE.

719
00:47:44,432 --> 00:47:49,588
OTHERS WERE DRIVEN FROM
THEIR HOMES AT BAYONET POINT.

720
00:47:49,654 --> 00:47:55,210
ALMOST 2,000 OF THEM DIED
ALONG THE ROUTE THEY REMEMBER

721
00:47:55,277 --> 00:47:57,845
AS THE "TRAIL OF TEARS."

722
00:47:57,930 --> 00:48:01,316
THE CHEROKEE ARE PROBABLY
THE MOST TRAGIC INSTANCE

723
00:48:01,383 --> 00:48:04,802
OF WHAT COULD HAVE SUCCEEDED
IN AMERICAN INDIAN POLICY,

724
00:48:04,869 --> 00:48:06,538
AND DIDN'T.

725
00:48:06,588 --> 00:48:10,308
ALL THESE THINGS
THAT AMERICANS WOULD PROUDLY SEE

726
00:48:10,375 --> 00:48:12,644
AS THE HALLMARKS
OF CIVILIZATION

727
00:48:12,711 --> 00:48:16,164
ARE BORNE INTO THE WEST
BY INDIAN PEOPLE.

728
00:48:16,230 --> 00:48:18,866
THEY DO EVERYTHING WE ASK
EXCEPT ONE THING.

729
00:48:18,933 --> 00:48:21,219
WHAT THE CHEROKEES
ULTIMATELY ARE --

730
00:48:21,286 --> 00:48:23,988
THEY MAY BE CHRISTIAN,
THEY MAY BE LITERATE,

731
00:48:24,055 --> 00:48:26,357
THEY MAY HAVE
A GOVERNMENT LIKE OURS --

732
00:48:26,424 --> 00:48:28,526
BUT ULTIMATELY, THEY'RE INDIAN.

733
00:48:28,593 --> 00:48:32,998
AND IN THE END,
BEING INDIAN IS WHAT KILLS THEM.

734
00:48:43,074 --> 00:48:47,412
THE MORMONS ARE A TRIBE
OF LOCUSTS THAT STILL THREATENS

735
00:48:47,478 --> 00:48:50,215
TO SCORCH AND WITHER
THE HERBIAGE

736
00:48:50,281 --> 00:48:53,701
OF A FAIR AND GOODLY PORTION
OF MISSOURI

737
00:48:53,768 --> 00:48:57,872
BY THE SWARM OF EMIGRANTS
FROM THEIR PESTILENT HIVE

738
00:48:57,939 --> 00:48:59,808
IN OHIO AND NEW YORK --

739
00:48:59,875 --> 00:49:01,810
SAMUEL OWENS, 1837.

740
00:49:05,013 --> 00:49:08,817
Narrator: THEY CALLED THEMSELVES

741
00:49:08,883 --> 00:49:10,101
THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST
OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS.

742
00:49:10,168 --> 00:49:12,820
THE WORLD
CALLED THEM THE MORMONS,

743
00:49:12,887 --> 00:49:14,739
AFTER THE BOOK OF MORMON,

744
00:49:14,806 --> 00:49:18,943
WHICH THEIR FOUNDER JOSEPH SMITH
SAID HE HAD TRANSLATED

745
00:49:19,010 --> 00:49:21,146
FROM A SET OF GOLDEN PLATES

746
00:49:21,212 --> 00:49:24,532
HE HAD BEEN DIVINELY GUIDED
TO DISCOVER.

747
00:49:24,599 --> 00:49:28,971
THE BOOK SAID THAT JESUS CHRIST
HAD PREACHED IN AMERICA

748
00:49:29,037 --> 00:49:30,855
AFTER THE RESURRECTION

749
00:49:30,922 --> 00:49:35,643
AND WOULD RETURN WHEN A NEW,
TRUE CHURCH WAS ESTABLISHED.

750
00:49:35,710 --> 00:49:40,681
EVERYWHERE THEY WENT,
THE MORMONS GATHERED CONVERTS.

751
00:49:40,748 --> 00:49:44,919
AND EVERYWHERE THEY WENT,
THEY MADE ENEMIES.

752
00:49:44,986 --> 00:49:46,854
IF WE WERE OF THE WORLD,

753
00:49:46,921 --> 00:49:51,192
I BELIEVE THAT THE PEOPLE
WOULD LOVE US WELL ENOUGH

754
00:49:51,259 --> 00:49:54,645
TO LET US REMAIN
SOMEWHERE IN THE STATE.

755
00:49:54,712 --> 00:49:58,817
BUT THEY HATE US, DESPISE US,
AND PERSECUTE US.

756
00:49:58,883 --> 00:50:01,102
AND WHEN THEY KILL US,

757
00:50:01,169 --> 00:50:05,573
THEY VERILY THINK
THEY DO GOD'S SERVICE --

758
00:50:05,639 --> 00:50:08,159
ELIZABETH HAVEN BARLOW.

759
00:50:11,446 --> 00:50:15,066
Narrator: ANGRY MOBS,
WHO CONSIDERED THEM HERETICS,

760
00:50:15,133 --> 00:50:19,821
DROVE THE MORMONS FROM NEW YORK,
THEN OHIO, AND THEN MISSOURI,

761
00:50:19,887 --> 00:50:24,442
WHERE THE GOVERNOR HIMSELF
ORDERED THEM TO LEAVE THE STATE,

762
00:50:24,509 --> 00:50:26,160
OR BE EXTERMINATED.

763
00:50:26,244 --> 00:50:30,198
IN ILLINOIS, JOSEPH SMITH
BOUGHT A SMALL SETTLEMENT,

764
00:50:30,265 --> 00:50:32,700
RENAMED IT NAUVOO, AND TURNED IT

765
00:50:32,784 --> 00:50:36,370
INTO THE SECOND-BIGGEST CITY
IN THE STATE.

766
00:50:36,437 --> 00:50:38,940
HE STARTED WORK
ON A GREAT TEMPLE,

767
00:50:39,007 --> 00:50:41,142
OUTFITTED HIS OWN PRIVATE ARMY,

768
00:50:41,208 --> 00:50:43,945
BEGAN TO PRACTICE POLYGAMY
IN SECRET,

769
00:50:44,011 --> 00:50:45,947
AND ANNOUNCED HE WAS RUNNING

770
00:50:46,014 --> 00:50:48,799
FOR PRESIDENT
OF THE UNITED STATES.

771
00:50:48,866 --> 00:50:52,136
WHEN SMITH DESTROYED
THE PRINTING PRESS

772
00:50:52,203 --> 00:50:55,040
OF A MAN
WHO DARED CRITICIZE HIM,

773
00:50:55,107 --> 00:50:56,490
HE WAS JAILED --

774
00:50:56,558 --> 00:50:59,911
AND THEN MURDERED
BY AN ANTI-MORMON MOB.

775
00:50:59,978 --> 00:51:04,415
UNLESS THEY ABANDONED ILLINOIS,
HIS FOLLOWERS WERE TOLD,

776
00:51:04,482 --> 00:51:06,918
THE SAME FATE AWAITED THEM.

777
00:51:12,607 --> 00:51:13,958
WE FACE A CRISIS

778
00:51:14,025 --> 00:51:17,144
OF EXTRAORDINARY
AND THRILLING INTERESTS --

779
00:51:17,211 --> 00:51:20,815
THE EXODUS OF THE NATION
OF THE ONLY TRUE ISRAEL

780
00:51:20,882 --> 00:51:22,700
FROM THESE UNITED STATES

781
00:51:22,766 --> 00:51:25,654
TO A FAR-DISTANT REGION
OF THE WEST.

782
00:51:25,720 --> 00:51:28,589
WAKE UP, WAKE UP,
DEAR BRETHREN,

783
00:51:28,656 --> 00:51:32,343
TO THE PRESENT,
GLORIOUS EMERGENCY

784
00:51:32,410 --> 00:51:35,429
IN WHICH THE GOD OF HEAVEN
HAS PLACED YOU

785
00:51:35,496 --> 00:51:38,517
TO PROVE YOUR FAITH
BY YOUR WORKS --

786
00:51:38,583 --> 00:51:40,001
BRIGHAM YOUNG.

787
00:51:42,854 --> 00:51:46,440
Narrator: NOW, THE MORMONS
PINNED THEIR HOPES

788
00:51:46,507 --> 00:51:50,327
ON A BIG VERMONT-BORN CARPENTER
NAMED BRIGHAM YOUNG,

789
00:51:50,394 --> 00:51:53,114
ONE OF THE CHURCH'S
12 APOSTLES.

790
00:51:53,180 --> 00:51:55,600
HE HAD READ EXPLORERS' REPORTS

791
00:51:55,666 --> 00:51:58,536
OF THE VALLEY
OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE

792
00:51:58,586 --> 00:52:02,606
AND SAW IT AS A PERFECT
SANCTUARY FOR HIS SAINTS --

793
00:52:02,673 --> 00:52:05,326
SHELTERED
BY THE WASATCH MOUNTAINS,

794
00:52:05,393 --> 00:52:09,113
BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES
OF THE UNITED STATES.

795
00:52:09,180 --> 00:52:11,666
HE WOULD TAKE HIS PEOPLE THERE.

796
00:52:11,732 --> 00:52:16,438
IN EARLY 1846,
SOME 10,000 LATTER-DAY SAINTS

797
00:52:16,504 --> 00:52:20,842
BEGAN LEAVING THEIR HOMES
FOR THE WEST.

798
00:52:24,095 --> 00:52:26,664
♪ NOW CONCERNING
THIS STRANGE PEOPLE ♪

799
00:52:26,731 --> 00:52:28,466
♪ I'M NOW A-GOING TO SING ♪

800
00:52:28,532 --> 00:52:31,086
♪ FOR THE WAY
THEY HAVE BEEN TREATED ♪

801
00:52:31,152 --> 00:52:32,804
♪ I THINK IT IS A SIN ♪

802
00:52:32,870 --> 00:52:35,173
♪ SING TITTERY IRE AYE ♪

803
00:52:35,239 --> 00:52:37,408
♪ SING TITTERY IRE OH ♪

804
00:52:37,475 --> 00:52:40,561
♪ THEY'VE BEEN
DRIVEN FROM THEIR HOMES ♪

805
00:52:40,628 --> 00:52:42,396
♪ AND AWAY FROM NAUVOO ♪

806
00:52:42,464 --> 00:52:46,668
♪ FOR TO SEEK ANOTHER HOME
IN THE WILDERNESS ANEW ♪

807
00:52:46,734 --> 00:52:48,419
♪ SING TITTERY IRE AYE ♪

808
00:52:48,469 --> 00:52:52,557
♪♪ SING TITTERY IRE OH ♪♪

809
00:52:52,624 --> 00:52:56,127
Man: BRIGHAM YOUNG'S BEEN CALLED
AN AMERICAN MOSES,

810
00:52:56,193 --> 00:52:58,830
AND I THINK
THAT'S PRETTY ACCURATE.

811
00:52:58,896 --> 00:53:02,967
HE TOOK
A PERSECUTED RELIGIOUS SECT,

812
00:53:03,034 --> 00:53:07,104
AND HE TOOK THEM
INTO THE WILDERNESS

813
00:53:07,171 --> 00:53:12,960
AND BUILT A NEW PLACE FOR THEM
TO LIVE IN THE DESERT.

814
00:53:13,027 --> 00:53:16,480
AND IN GOING
THROUGH THESE TRIALS

815
00:53:16,547 --> 00:53:21,169
AS THEY WENT TO THE WEST,
IT MADE THE MORMONS

816
00:53:21,236 --> 00:53:26,358
SEE THEMSELVES AS DIVINELY
SEPARATED FROM EVERYONE ELSE

817
00:53:26,424 --> 00:53:28,793
AND DIVINELY PROTECTED.

818
00:53:28,860 --> 00:53:35,633
AND BRIGHAM YOUNG IS THE ONE
WHO MADE THAT HAPPEN.

819
00:53:40,688 --> 00:53:43,724
Narrator: BY WINTER,
THE MORMONS HAD REACHED

820
00:53:43,808 --> 00:53:46,611
THE WEST BANK
OF THE MISSOURI RIVER,

821
00:53:46,677 --> 00:53:50,030
BUT THEY WERE
STILL NEARLY 1,000 MILES

822
00:53:50,097 --> 00:53:52,366
FROM THEIR DESTINATION.

823
00:53:52,433 --> 00:53:55,353
THERE,
THEY BUILT A MAKESHIFT TOWN

824
00:53:55,419 --> 00:53:57,522
THEY CALLED "WINTER QUARTERS,"

825
00:53:57,588 --> 00:54:01,760
WHERE 700 OF THEM DIED
IN THE BITTER COLD.

826
00:54:06,914 --> 00:54:10,784
THE NEXT SPRING,
BRIGHAM YOUNG HIMSELF LED FORTH

827
00:54:10,852 --> 00:54:15,390
A SMALL GROUP TO SELECT THE SITE
ON WHICH ALL WOULD SETTLE.

828
00:54:15,456 --> 00:54:18,242
HE CALLED IT THE PIONEER BAND.

829
00:54:18,309 --> 00:54:22,781
IN LATE JULY,
THEY GOT THEIR FIRST GLIMPSE

830
00:54:22,847 --> 00:54:26,968
OF THE VALLEY
OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE.

831
00:54:27,034 --> 00:54:30,705
Young:WE GAZED WITH WONDER
AND ADMIRATION

832
00:54:30,771 --> 00:54:34,092
UPON THE VAST,
RICH, FERTILE VALLEY.

833
00:54:34,159 --> 00:54:37,412
THE GRANDEST
AND MOST SUBLIME SCENERY

834
00:54:37,478 --> 00:54:41,632
PROBABLY THAT COULD BE
OBTAINED ON THE GLOBE.

835
00:54:41,699 --> 00:54:45,602
WE CONTEMPLATED
THAT IN NOT MANY YEARS

836
00:54:45,670 --> 00:54:50,074
THE VALLEY WOULD
BE CONVERTED INTO ORCHARD,

837
00:54:50,141 --> 00:54:55,730
VINEYARD, GARDENS, AND FIELDS
BY THE INHABITANTS OF ZION.

838
00:54:57,832 --> 00:55:01,385
Woman:WE HAVE TRAVELED
1,500 MILES TO GET HERE,

839
00:55:01,452 --> 00:55:04,989
AND I WOULD WILLINGLY TRAVEL
1,000 MILES FARTHER

840
00:55:05,056 --> 00:55:07,658
TO GET
WHERE IT LOOKED AS THOUGH

841
00:55:07,725 --> 00:55:09,260
A WHITE MAN COULD LIVE.

842
00:55:13,481 --> 00:55:16,801
Woman: THE MORMON PEOPLE
WERE LOOKING FOR ISOLATION

843
00:55:16,851 --> 00:55:22,774
WHERE THEY COULD PRACTICE
THEIR SPIRITUAL BELIEFS FREELY.

844
00:55:22,840 --> 00:55:24,158
AND WHEN THEY STEPPED FOOT
INTO THE GREAT BASIN,

845
00:55:24,225 --> 00:55:27,411
THEY FOUND THE ISOLATION
THEY WERE LOOKING FOR.

846
00:55:27,478 --> 00:55:31,616
YOU CAN IMAGINE GREAT SALT LAKE,
SEEING THIS HUGE BODY OF WATER

847
00:55:31,683 --> 00:55:34,118
AND DIPPING DOWN
WITH CUPPED HANDS

848
00:55:34,185 --> 00:55:37,371
FOR A DRINK OF REFRESHMENT
ONLY TO BE REPULSED.

849
00:55:37,439 --> 00:55:40,040
I THINK THAT APPEALED
TO THE MORMONS

850
00:55:40,107 --> 00:55:43,094
BECAUSE NO ONE ELSE
WOULD BOTHER THEM.

851
00:55:45,046 --> 00:55:48,099
Narrator: THEIR VERY FIRST DAY
IN THE VALLEY,

852
00:55:48,165 --> 00:55:51,185
THE MORMONS DUG
A FRESHWATER IRRIGATION DITCH

853
00:55:51,252 --> 00:55:53,187
AND STARTED PLANTING POTATOES.

854
00:55:53,254 --> 00:55:55,924
AND SOON, BRIGHAM YOUNG
WAS PACING OFF

855
00:55:55,990 --> 00:55:58,609
THE STREETS AND SQUARES
OF THE GREAT CITY

856
00:55:58,676 --> 00:56:01,479
HE PLANNED TO BUILD
IN THE DESERT.

857
00:56:01,546 --> 00:56:05,482
Young:WE HAVE BEEN THROWN
LIKE A STONE FROM A SLING,

858
00:56:05,549 --> 00:56:08,535
AND WE HAVE LODGED
IN THE GODLY PLACE

859
00:56:08,602 --> 00:56:12,073
WHERE THE LORD
WANTS HIS PEOPLE TO GATHER.

860
00:56:12,139 --> 00:56:15,493
IF THE LORD SHOULD SAY
BY HIS REVELATION

861
00:56:15,559 --> 00:56:17,428
THIS IS THE SPOT,

862
00:56:17,495 --> 00:56:21,482
THE SAINTS WOULD BE SATISFIED
IF IT WAS A BARREN ROCK.

863
00:56:40,618 --> 00:56:44,038
Woman:MY FATHER'S NA
WAS HENRY SAGER.

864
00:56:44,105 --> 00:56:47,058
HE MOVED
FROM VIRGINIA TO OHIO,

865
00:56:47,125 --> 00:56:50,862
AND THEN TO INDIANA
AND FROM THERE TO MISSOURI.

866
00:56:50,929 --> 00:56:53,330
IN THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1844,

867
00:56:53,397 --> 00:56:57,869
MY FATHER GOT THE OREGON FEVER
AND WE STARTED WEST.

868
00:56:57,935 --> 00:57:02,039
Narrator: HENRY SAGER
HAD MOVED HIS GROWING FAMILY

869
00:57:02,106 --> 00:57:04,208
FOUR TIMES IN AS MANY YEARS,

870
00:57:04,275 --> 00:57:08,279
ALWAYS A LITTLE FARTHER WEST
IN SEARCH OF LAND

871
00:57:08,345 --> 00:57:11,733
THAT WAS MORE FERTILE
AND LESS EXPENSIVE.

872
00:57:11,799 --> 00:57:15,903
BY 1844, THE SAGERS
WERE IN ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI,

873
00:57:15,970 --> 00:57:19,007
RESTLESS
AND READY TO MOVE AGAIN.

874
00:57:19,073 --> 00:57:23,961
TWO THOUSAND MILES TO THE WEST
WAS THE OREGON COUNTRY.

875
00:57:24,028 --> 00:57:28,533
THE UNITED STATES CLAIMED IT.
SO DID GREAT BRITAIN.

876
00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:33,203
BUT THE UNITED STATES
HAD THE PEOPLE TO SETTLE IT.

877
00:57:33,270 --> 00:57:39,210
EASTWARD I GO ONLY BY FORCE,
BUT WESTWARD I GO FREE.

878
00:57:39,277 --> 00:57:41,996
THE FUTURE LIES THAT WAY TO ME.

879
00:57:42,063 --> 00:57:45,682
I SHOULD NOT LAY
SO MUCH STRESS ON THIS FACT

880
00:57:45,750 --> 00:57:49,554
IF I DID NOT BELIEVE
THAT SOMETHING LIKE THIS

881
00:57:49,620 --> 00:57:53,240
IS THE PREVAILING TENDENCY
OF MY COUNTRYMEN.

882
00:57:53,307 --> 00:57:57,611
I MUST WALK TOWARD OREGON,
AND NOT TOWARD EUROPE --

883
00:57:57,679 --> 00:57:59,380
HENRY DAVID THOREAU.

884
00:57:59,447 --> 00:58:04,318
Narrator: ONE THOUSAND AMERICANS
HAD MADE THEIR WAY TO OREGON

885
00:58:04,385 --> 00:58:05,603
IN 1843 ALONE.

886
00:58:05,670 --> 00:58:10,258
TEN THOUSAND MORE WOULD FOLLOW
OVER THE NEXT FOUR YEARS.

887
00:58:10,324 --> 00:58:14,078
HENRY SAGER WAS DETERMINED
TO JOIN THEM.

888
00:58:14,145 --> 00:58:19,934
HE SIGNED ON WITH A GROUP CALLED
THE "INDEPENDENT COLONY" --

889
00:58:20,001 --> 00:58:22,502
300 PEOPLE IN 72 WAGONS.

890
00:58:22,587 --> 00:58:27,891
MOST WERE FAMILIES LIKE THE
SAGERS AND THEIR SIX CHILDREN.

891
00:58:27,959 --> 00:58:32,297
Jeffrey: MR. SAGER WAS VERY KEEN
TO GO WEST.

892
00:58:32,363 --> 00:58:34,932
AND HIS WIFE, NAOMI,
WAS PREGNANT.

893
00:58:34,983 --> 00:58:39,270
AND SHE WAS NOT JUST BEGINNING
HER PREGNANCY, SHE WAS ALONG.

894
00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:41,855
AND SHE WAS MORE RELUCTANT
TO GO.

895
00:58:41,922 --> 00:58:45,208
BUT GO THEY DID
WITH ALL THEIR CHILDREN.

896
00:58:50,148 --> 00:58:51,432
Narrator: IN LATE APRIL,

897
00:58:51,498 --> 00:58:55,019
THE INDEPENDENT COLONY
CROSSED THE MISSOURI RIVER

898
00:58:55,085 --> 00:58:58,122
AND SET OUT ON THE OREGON TRAIL.

899
00:58:58,189 --> 00:59:01,025
IN WHAT IS NOW EASTERN KANSAS,

900
00:59:01,091 --> 00:59:04,011
SPRING RAINS
TURNED THE PRAIRIES TO MUD

901
00:59:04,078 --> 00:59:07,431
AND MADE RIVER CROSSINGS
DANGEROUS.

902
00:59:07,497 --> 00:59:11,251
THE CHILDREN,
CONFINED TO THEIR COVERED WAGON

903
00:59:11,318 --> 00:59:14,972
FOR MILE AFTER LURCHING MILE,
GREW SEASICK.

904
00:59:15,038 --> 00:59:18,742
ONE NIGHT IN CAMP,
WHILE WARMING THEMSELVES,

905
00:59:18,809 --> 00:59:21,995
THEY HUDDLED
TOO CLOSE TO THE FLAMES,

906
00:59:22,062 --> 00:59:25,483
AND THEIR BEDCLOTHES
CAUGHT ON FIRE.

907
00:59:28,102 --> 00:59:32,957
FIVE WEEKS OUT, NAOMI SAGER GAVE
BIRTH TO HER SEVENTH CHILD --

908
00:59:33,023 --> 00:59:34,141
A BABY GIRL.

909
00:59:34,208 --> 00:59:36,627
ON JULY 4, THE CARAVAN RESTED

910
00:59:36,693 --> 00:59:39,581
NEAR THE PLATTE RIVER
IN NEBRASKA,

911
00:59:39,647 --> 00:59:42,716
AND A YOUNG COUPLE
IN THE WAGON TRAIN

912
00:59:42,783 --> 00:59:45,803
USED THE OCCASION
TO GET MARRIED.

913
00:59:45,870 --> 00:59:50,174
THE WEATHER WAS FINE, AND ALL
SEEMED TO ENJOY THEMSELVES.

914
00:59:50,240 --> 00:59:53,878
THERE WERE SEVERAL MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS IN THE COMPANY,

915
00:59:53,944 --> 00:59:57,898
AND THESE SOUNDED OUT CLEAR
AND SWEET ON THE EVENING AIR

916
00:59:57,965 --> 01:00:00,984
WHILE GAY TALK
AND MERRY LAUGHTER WENT ON

917
01:00:01,051 --> 01:00:03,020
AROUND THE CAMPFIRE --

918
01:00:03,087 --> 01:00:05,873
CATHERINE SAGER.

919
01:00:10,778 --> 01:00:16,200
Narrator: FARTHER ON,
THEY FORDED THE SOUTH PLATTE,

920
01:00:16,267 --> 01:00:18,902
AND HENRY SAGER
LOST CONTROL OF HIS OXEN.

921
01:00:18,969 --> 01:00:23,207
THE WAGON OVERTURNED
AND NAOMI WAS INJURED,

922
01:00:23,274 --> 01:00:25,559
BUT THEY KEPT GOING.

923
01:00:25,626 --> 01:00:30,631
INASSED
CHIMNEY ROCK AND SCOTTS BLUFF

924
01:00:30,698 --> 01:00:33,885
IN WHAT IS NOW WESTERN NEBRASKA.

925
01:00:33,951 --> 01:00:38,656
ONE AFTERNOON,
YOUNG CATHERINE, AGE NINE,

926
01:00:38,722 --> 01:00:41,758
TRIED TO HOP OFF THE WAGON.

927
01:00:41,826 --> 01:00:45,329
Catherine:THE HEM OF MY DRESS
CAUGHT ON AN AX HANDLE,

928
01:00:45,396 --> 01:00:47,798
PRECIPITATING ME
UNDER THE WHEELS,

929
01:00:47,865 --> 01:00:49,634
BOTH OF WHICH PASSED OVER ME

930
01:00:49,700 --> 01:00:52,269
BEFORE FATHER COULD STOP
THE OXEN.

931
01:00:52,336 --> 01:00:55,707
A GLANCE AT MY LIMB
DANGLING IN THE AIR AS HE RAN

932
01:00:55,773 --> 01:00:59,577
REVEALED TO HIM THE EXTENT
OF THE INJURY I HAD RECEIVED,

933
01:00:59,644 --> 01:01:02,479
AND IN A BROKEN VOICE
HE EXCLAIMED,

934
01:01:02,546 --> 01:01:06,450
"MY DEAR CHILD, YOUR LEG
IS BROKE ALL TO PIECES!"

935
01:01:11,772 --> 01:01:14,425
Narrator:
FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE TRIP,

936
01:01:14,492 --> 01:01:18,996
CATHERINE EITHER RODE
IN THE JOLTING WAGON

937
01:01:19,063 --> 01:01:20,448
OR HOBBLED ALONG BESIDE IT
ON CRUTCHES.

938
01:01:27,605 --> 01:01:29,323
THEY KEPT MOVING --

939
01:01:29,389 --> 01:01:33,027
BEYOND FORT LARAMIE
TO INDEPENDENCE ROCK,

940
01:01:33,093 --> 01:01:36,781
WHERE THE EMIGRANTS
CARVED THEIR NAMES

941
01:01:36,847 --> 01:01:41,836
AS PROOF
OF THEIR INDIVIDUAL PASSING.

942
01:01:55,315 --> 01:01:59,920
ON AUGUST 23, THE SAGERS' WAGON
CROSSED SOUTH PASS

943
01:01:59,987 --> 01:02:02,322
AND THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE.

944
01:02:02,390 --> 01:02:07,311
NOW THEY WERE BEYOND THE
BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES

945
01:02:07,378 --> 01:02:09,580
AND IN MEXICAN TERRITORY.

946
01:02:09,647 --> 01:02:12,349
OREGON WAS STILL WEEKS AWAY.

947
01:02:33,121 --> 01:02:39,377
A SICKNESS CALLED "CAMP FEVER"
STRUCK THE CARAVAN.

948
01:02:39,443 --> 01:02:43,514
TWO WOMEN DIED.
THEN A LITTLE GIRL.

949
01:02:43,580 --> 01:02:48,786
THEN HENRY SAGER FELL ILL.

950
01:02:48,853 --> 01:02:53,523
Catherine:WE CROSSED THE GREEN
RIVER AND CAMPED ON THE BANK.

951
01:02:53,590 --> 01:02:57,461
LOOKING UPON ME AS I LAY
HELPLESSLY BY HIS SIDE,

952
01:02:57,528 --> 01:03:01,499
HE SAID, "POOR CHILD!
WHAT WILL BECOME OF YOU?"

953
01:03:01,565 --> 01:03:04,067
FATHER EXPIRED THE NEXT MORNING

954
01:03:04,134 --> 01:03:08,038
AND WAS BURIED
ON THE BANK OF THE GREEN RIVER,

955
01:03:08,105 --> 01:03:12,376
HIS COFFIN HASTILY DUG OUT
OF THE TRUNK OF A TREE.

956
01:03:12,443 --> 01:03:15,662
Narrator: FATHERLESS,
THE SAGERS PUSHED ON.

957
01:03:15,729 --> 01:03:20,534
AT LAST THEY CROSSED THE BORDER
INTO THE OREGON COUNTRY.

958
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:24,605
BUT ON THE DUSTY TRAIL
ALONG THE SNAKE RIVER,

959
01:03:24,672 --> 01:03:28,425
NAOMI, TOO,
BECAME DELIRIOUS WITH FEVER.

960
01:03:28,492 --> 01:03:32,729
Catherine:WE TRAVELED
OVER A VERY ROUGH ROAD,

961
01:03:32,796 --> 01:03:36,217
AND SHE MOANED PITIFULLY
ALL DAY.

962
01:03:36,283 --> 01:03:41,405
WHEN WE CAMPED FOR THE NIGHT,
HER PULSE WAS NEARLY GONE.

963
01:03:41,472 --> 01:03:44,625
SHE LIVED
BUT A FEW MOMENTS MORE,

964
01:03:44,692 --> 01:03:46,927
AND HER LAST WORDS WERE,

965
01:03:46,994 --> 01:03:52,165
"OH, HENRY, IF YOU ONLY KNEW
HOW WE HAVE SUFFERED!"

966
01:03:52,233 --> 01:03:55,686
Narrator: THE CHILDREN
BURIED THEIR MOTHER,

967
01:03:55,753 --> 01:04:00,324
WRAPPED IN A BEDSHEET, IN
A SHALLOW GRAVE ALONG THE TRAIL,

968
01:04:00,374 --> 01:04:05,179
WITH WILLOW BRUSH AND A WOODEN
HEADBOARD TO MARK THE SPOT.

969
01:04:05,246 --> 01:04:08,766
Catherine:THE TEAMS
WERE THEN HITCHED TO THE WAGON

970
01:04:08,832 --> 01:04:10,635
AND THE TRAIN DROVE ON,

971
01:04:10,701 --> 01:04:12,870
LEAVING HER TO HER LONG SLEEP.

972
01:04:12,937 --> 01:04:18,325
THUS, IN 26 DAYS BOTH OUR
PARENTS WERE LAID IN THE GRAVE,

973
01:04:18,392 --> 01:04:20,594
AND WE WERE ORPHANS --

974
01:04:20,661 --> 01:04:26,467
THE OLDEST, 14 YEARS OLD,
AND THE YOUNGEST, 5 MONTHS OLD.

975
01:04:33,374 --> 01:04:35,910
Jeffrey: AND THERE WERE
THESE SEVEN CHILDREN

976
01:04:35,976 --> 01:04:38,478
LEFT WITHOUT ANY RELATIVES
IN THE WORLD.

977
01:04:38,545 --> 01:04:40,864
THE WORD "ORPHAN"
IS ALMOST INSUFFICIENT

978
01:04:40,915 --> 01:04:42,466
TO DESCRIBE THEIR SITUATION.

979
01:04:42,533 --> 01:04:45,452
AND OF COURSE, THE OTHER THING
TO REMEMBER ABOUT THEM

980
01:04:45,519 --> 01:04:48,605
IS THAT THERE WAS NO ONE
IN THE WEST WAITING FOR THEM.

981
01:04:48,672 --> 01:04:51,041
SO THESE CHILDREN
WERE JUST ALONE.

982
01:04:55,428 --> 01:04:58,065
Narrator:
IT WAS NOW LATE SEPTEMBER,

983
01:04:58,131 --> 01:05:01,284
AND THE FIRST SNOWS WERE FALLING
IN THE MOUNTAINS.

984
01:05:01,351 --> 01:05:05,022
UNDER THE CARE OF OTHER FAMILIES
IN THE WAGON TRAIN,

985
01:05:05,088 --> 01:05:07,858
THE SEVEN SAGER CHILDREN
PRESSED ON.

986
01:05:07,925 --> 01:05:11,429
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

987
01:05:16,751 --> 01:05:20,871
IN EARLY OCTOBER,
THEY REACHED CAYUSE COUNTRY.

988
01:05:20,938 --> 01:05:23,557
ONE MEMBER OF THE CARAVAN
RODE AHEAD

989
01:05:23,623 --> 01:05:27,044
TO THE MISSION RUN BY
MARCUS AND NARCISSA WHITMAN

990
01:05:27,110 --> 01:05:30,781
TO TELL THEM THAT A NEEDY
WAGON TRAIN WAS APPROACHING,

991
01:05:30,848 --> 01:05:34,768
AND TO TALK WITH THEM ABOUT
ADOPTING THE SAGER CHILDREN.

992
01:05:34,835 --> 01:05:39,839
APPLICATION HAS BEEN MADE
FOR US TO TAKE AN ORPHAN FAMILY

993
01:05:39,924 --> 01:05:41,575
OF SEVEN CHILDREN,

994
01:05:41,642 --> 01:05:45,679
AS THEY HAVE NOT A RELATIVE
IN THE COMPANY.

995
01:05:45,746 --> 01:05:48,415
WHAT WE SHALL DO I CANNOT SAY.

996
01:05:48,482 --> 01:05:53,737
WE CANNOT SEE THEM SUFFER, IF
THE LORD CASTS THEM UPON US --

997
01:05:53,804 --> 01:05:55,606
NARCISSA WHITMAN.

998
01:05:58,875 --> 01:06:01,912
Narrator: SINCE HER OWN
DAUGHTER'S DEATH --

999
01:06:01,963 --> 01:06:03,380
TO EASE HER GRIEF --

1000
01:06:03,447 --> 01:06:06,400
NARCISSA HAD TAKEN IN
FOUR OTHER CHILDREN,

1001
01:06:06,466 --> 01:06:10,287
INCLUDING THE DAUGHTER
OF THE MOUNTAIN MAN, JOE MEEK.

1002
01:06:10,353 --> 01:06:15,642
Jeffrey: FOR NARCISSA, THE DEATH
OF HER DAUGHTER, ALICE,

1003
01:06:15,709 --> 01:06:19,529
WAS THE BEGINNING
OF A REAL COLLAPSE,

1004
01:06:19,596 --> 01:06:23,801
A PHYSICAL
AND A PSYCHOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN.

1005
01:06:23,867 --> 01:06:27,020
AND THEN,
WHEN THE SAGER CHILDREN ARRIVE,

1006
01:06:27,087 --> 01:06:29,023
IT'S REALLY HER SALVATION.

1007
01:06:29,089 --> 01:06:32,910
SHE CAN RECREATE
A VERY SATISFYING DOMESTIC LIFE

1008
01:06:32,976 --> 01:06:36,780
AND REALLY TURN HER BACK
ON THE REAL MISSION WORK

1009
01:06:36,847 --> 01:06:38,949
THAT SHE CAME OUT TO DO.

1010
01:06:41,152 --> 01:06:44,337
Whitman:HUSBAND THOUGHT
WE COULD GET ALONG

1011
01:06:44,404 --> 01:06:46,106
WITH ALL BUT THE BABY.

1012
01:06:46,172 --> 01:06:49,293
HE DID NOT SEE
HOW WE COULD TAKE THAT.

1013
01:06:49,360 --> 01:06:53,147
BUT I FELT
THAT IF I MUST TAKE ANY,

1014
01:06:53,213 --> 01:06:58,269
I WANTED HER, AS A CHARM
TO BIND THE REST TO ME.

1015
01:06:58,335 --> 01:07:02,406
Narrator: THE WHITMANS SENT WORD
BACK TO THE WAGON TRAIN

1016
01:07:02,473 --> 01:07:05,108
THAT THEY WOULD TAKE ALL SEVEN.

1017
01:07:08,445 --> 01:07:13,066
A FEW DAYS LATER,
AFTER 6 MONTHS AND 2,000 MILES,

1018
01:07:13,133 --> 01:07:15,936
HENRY AND NAOMI SAGER'S CHILDREN

1019
01:07:16,003 --> 01:07:19,840
FINALLY REACHED THEIR NEW HOME
IN OREGON.

1020
01:07:19,907 --> 01:07:25,262
NARCISSA WHITMAN CAME OUT
TO MEET THEM FOR THE FIRST TIME.

1021
01:07:25,329 --> 01:07:29,582
Catherine:SHE WAS A LARGE,
WELL-FORMED WOMAN,

1022
01:07:29,650 --> 01:07:31,518
FAIR COMPLEXIONED,

1023
01:07:31,585 --> 01:07:35,623
WITH BEAUTIFUL AUBURN HAIR,
NOSE RATHER LARGE,

1024
01:07:35,689 --> 01:07:37,741
AND LARGE GRAY EYES.

1025
01:07:37,808 --> 01:07:42,730
SHE HAD ON A DARK CALICO DRESS
AND A GINGHAM SUNBONNET.

1026
01:07:42,796 --> 01:07:46,434
WE THOUGHT,
AS WE SHYLY LOOKED AT HER,

1027
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:51,271
THAT SHE WAS THE PRETTIEST
WOMAN WE HAD EVER SEEN.

1028
01:08:12,643 --> 01:08:15,046
Duncan:
AMERICANS STARTED MOVING WEST

1029
01:08:15,112 --> 01:08:17,965
FOR ALL THESE INDIVIDUAL,
PERSONAL REASONS --

1030
01:08:18,031 --> 01:08:23,187
LAND, CONVERTING INDIANS, FURS.

1031
01:08:23,253 --> 01:08:26,873
BUT EVERYWHERE THEY WENT,
THE END RESULT WAS

1032
01:08:26,940 --> 01:08:30,811
THEY WANTED TO MAKE IT
INTO THE UNITED STATES.

1033
01:08:30,878 --> 01:08:32,745
IT DIDN'T MATTER WHY THEY WENT,

1034
01:08:32,812 --> 01:08:34,914
ONCE THEY GOT THERE
THEY DECIDED,

1035
01:08:34,981 --> 01:08:38,068
"THIS PLACE SHOULD BE PART
OF THE UNITED STATES,"

1036
01:08:38,135 --> 01:08:41,004
AND IN DOING SO, THEY BROUGHT
THE NATION WITH THEM.

1037
01:08:41,055 --> 01:08:42,939
THE NATION DIDN'T SEND THEM OUT.

1038
01:08:43,006 --> 01:08:45,858
THEY BROUGHT THE UNITED STATES
WITH THEM.

1039
01:08:59,923 --> 01:09:03,043
THE CALIFORNIOS
INHABIT A COUNTRY

1040
01:09:03,110 --> 01:09:06,696
EMBRACING 400 OR 500 MILES
OF SEACOAST

1041
01:09:06,747 --> 01:09:08,883
WITH SEVERAL HARBORS --

1042
01:09:08,949 --> 01:09:11,068
WITH FINE FORESTS IN THE NORTH,

1043
01:09:11,135 --> 01:09:13,153
THE WATERS FILLED WITH FISH,

1044
01:09:13,237 --> 01:09:17,324
AND THE PLAINS COVERED WITH
THOUSANDS OF HERDS OF CATTLE.

1045
01:09:17,391 --> 01:09:21,912
BLESSED WITH A CLIMATE THAN
WHICH THERE CAN BE NO BETTER

1046
01:09:21,979 --> 01:09:23,363
IN THE WORLD.

1047
01:09:23,447 --> 01:09:27,334
IN THE HANDS
OF AN ENTERPRISING PEOPLE,

1048
01:09:27,400 --> 01:09:30,270
WHAT A COUNTRY THIS MIGHT BE --

1049
01:09:30,337 --> 01:09:33,807
RICHARD HENRY DANA.

1050
01:09:33,873 --> 01:09:36,993
Narrator: BY THE MID-1840s,

1051
01:09:37,060 --> 01:09:41,364
LURED BY REPORTS OF FERTILE SOIL
AND A HEALTHY CLIMATE,

1052
01:09:41,432 --> 01:09:44,451
SOME 3,000 AMERICAN SETTLERS
HAD FILED

1053
01:09:44,517 --> 01:09:47,537
THROUGH THE SIERRA NEVADA
MOUNTAINS

1054
01:09:47,604 --> 01:09:51,592
AND DOWN INTO CALIFORNIA'S
SACRAMENTO VALLEY.

1055
01:09:51,675 --> 01:09:56,713
THE COMMANDER OF ALL MEXICAN
TROOPS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA,

1056
01:09:56,780 --> 01:10:01,385
MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLED MEXIC
O CITY

1057
01:10:01,452 --> 01:10:03,654
FOR THE SOLDIERS
HE KNEW WOULD BE NECESSARY

1058
01:10:03,721 --> 01:10:05,922
TO KEEP THE AMERICANS OUT.

1059
01:10:05,989 --> 01:10:10,493
VALLEJO BELONGED TO ONE
OF THE OLDEST SPANISH FAMILIES

1060
01:10:10,544 --> 01:10:11,995
IN THE AMERICAS.

1061
01:10:12,061 --> 01:10:14,364
MOST OF THE SONOMA VALLEY --

1062
01:10:14,431 --> 01:10:18,702
A QUARTER OF A MILLION ACRES --
BELONGED TO HIM.

1063
01:10:18,769 --> 01:10:20,804
BUT DESPITE HIS POSITION,

1064
01:10:20,871 --> 01:10:24,658
THE GOVERNMENT IGNORED HIS PLEAS
FOR TROOPS.

1065
01:10:24,724 --> 01:10:28,462
IT SEEMED TO VALLEJO
AND HIS FELLOW CALIFORNIOS

1066
01:10:28,529 --> 01:10:32,015
THAT MEXICO CITY
WAS AS DISTANT AND ARBITRARY

1067
01:10:32,082 --> 01:10:35,301
AS IT HAD BEEN
TO THE PEOPLE OF TEXAS.

1068
01:10:35,369 --> 01:10:41,024
HE NOW FOUND HIMSELF EMBROILED
IN REVOLTS AND COUNTERREVOLTS,

1069
01:10:41,091 --> 01:10:45,912
AND INCREASING CALLS
FOR CALIFORNIA'S INDEPENDENCE.

1070
01:10:45,979 --> 01:10:50,983
FINALLY, THE LEADING CALIFORNIOS
GATHERED IN MONTEREY

1071
01:10:51,068 --> 01:10:53,437
TO DISCUSS THEIR FUTURE.

1072
01:10:53,503 --> 01:10:56,839
ONE MAN
FAVORED ANNEXATION BY FRANCE,

1073
01:10:56,906 --> 01:10:59,426
SINCE IT WAS A CATHOLIC COUNTRY.

1074
01:10:59,493 --> 01:11:04,397
ANOTHER THOUGHT CALIFORNIA
SHOULD JOIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

1075
01:11:04,464 --> 01:11:08,835
STILL OTHERS CALLED
FOR A REPUBLIC OF CALIFORNIA.

1076
01:11:08,919 --> 01:11:13,039
VALLEJO HAD COME
TO A DIFFERENT CONCLUSION.

1077
01:11:13,106 --> 01:11:17,944
TO RELY ANY LONGER UPON MEXICO
TO GOVERN AND DEFEND US

1078
01:11:18,011 --> 01:11:20,497
WOULD BE IDLE AND ABSURD.

1079
01:11:20,563 --> 01:11:24,217
WHY SHOULD WE SHRINK
FROM INCORPORATING OURSELVES

1080
01:11:24,284 --> 01:11:26,169
WITH THE UNITED STATES,

1081
01:11:26,220 --> 01:11:29,639
THE HAPPIEST AND FREEST NATION
IN THE WORLD,

1082
01:11:29,706 --> 01:11:33,626
DESTINED SOON TO BE
THE MOST WEALTHY AND POWERFUL?

1083
01:11:33,693 --> 01:11:37,397
WHEN WE JOIN OUR FORTUNES
TO HERS,

1084
01:11:37,464 --> 01:11:42,669
WE SHALL NOT BECOME SUBJECTS,
BUT FELLOW CITIZENS --

1085
01:11:42,736 --> 01:11:45,555
MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO.

1086
01:11:54,181 --> 01:11:58,051
THE PEOPLE OF TEXAS HAVE,
WITH A UNANIMITY UNPARALLELED,

1087
01:11:58,118 --> 01:12:00,387
DECLARED
THAT THEY WILL BE REUNITED

1088
01:12:00,453 --> 01:12:03,640
TO THE GREAT REPUBLICAN FAMILY
OF THE NORTH.

1089
01:12:03,706 --> 01:12:07,710
WE ARE CHEERED BY THE HOPE
THAT THEY WILL RECEIVE US

1090
01:12:07,778 --> 01:12:12,116
AND HAIL US WELCOME INTO
THE GREAT FAMILY OF FREEMEN --

1091
01:12:12,182 --> 01:12:15,602
SAM HOUSTON,
PRESIDENT, REPUBLIC OF TEXAS.

1092
01:12:15,669 --> 01:12:18,421
Narrator:
SAM HOUSTON HAD ALWAYS ASSUMED

1093
01:12:18,488 --> 01:12:20,557
THAT TEXAS WOULD BECOME A STATE

1094
01:12:20,623 --> 01:12:24,044
WITHIN A FEW MONTHS
OF HIS VICTORY AT SAN JACINTO.

1095
01:12:24,110 --> 01:12:25,746
BUT FOR SEVEN YEARS,

1096
01:12:25,812 --> 01:12:29,566
CONGRESS REFUSED
TO GRANT STATEHOOD TO TEXAS.

1097
01:12:29,633 --> 01:12:32,952
THE NORTHERN STATES FEARED
ITS ADMISSION

1098
01:12:33,019 --> 01:12:36,372
WOULD TIP THE PRECARIOUS
BALANCE OF POWER

1099
01:12:36,439 --> 01:12:38,608
TOWARD THE SLAVE STATES.

1100
01:12:38,659 --> 01:12:45,231
THEN IN 1844, JAMES KNOX POLK
WAS NARROWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT.

1101
01:12:45,298 --> 01:12:49,603
HE WAS A HUMORLESS, HARD-WORKING
DEMOCRAT FROM TENNESSEE,

1102
01:12:49,669 --> 01:12:53,456
UTTERLY DETERMINED
TO EXPAND THE UNITED STATES.

1103
01:12:53,523 --> 01:12:56,493
WITH HIS SUPPORT --
AND A COMPROMISE

1104
01:12:56,560 --> 01:13:00,397
DEFTLY SIDESTEPPING
THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY --

1105
01:13:00,464 --> 01:13:04,901
THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS BECAME
THE 38th STATE IN THE UNION.

1106
01:13:04,967 --> 01:13:08,805
SAM HOUSTON WAS NAMED
ITS FIRST SENATOR.

1107
01:13:11,808 --> 01:13:15,094
PRESIDENT POLK
NOW TURNED HIS ATTENTION

1108
01:13:15,161 --> 01:13:17,297
TO THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

1109
01:13:17,363 --> 01:13:22,218
HE THREATENED BRITAIN WITH WAR
UNLESS IT GAVE UP ITS CLAIM,

1110
01:13:22,285 --> 01:13:25,439
THEN SHREWDLY NEGOTIATED
AN AGREEMENT

1111
01:13:25,505 --> 01:13:29,876
THAT ADDED WHAT ARE NOW
OREGON, WASHINGTON, AND IDAHO

1112
01:13:29,943 --> 01:13:31,427
TO THE UNION.

1113
01:13:31,494 --> 01:13:34,548
BUT POLK
WAS STILL NOT SATISFIED.

1114
01:13:34,614 --> 01:13:38,152
HE NOW WANTED
NEW MEXICO AND CALIFORNIA,

1115
01:13:38,218 --> 01:13:42,373
AND WHEN MEXICO REFUSED
TO SELL THE PROVINCES,

1116
01:13:42,439 --> 01:13:46,559
HE USED A BORDER SKIRMISH
ALONG THE RIO GRANDE

1117
01:13:46,626 --> 01:13:50,130
TO PERSUADE CONGRESS
TO DECLARE WAR.

1118
01:13:50,196 --> 01:13:51,648
[ EXPLOSION ]

1119
01:13:51,714 --> 01:13:53,817
[ GUNSHOTS ]

1120
01:13:58,204 --> 01:14:03,443
THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR LASTED
MORE THAN A YEAR AND A HALF --

1121
01:14:03,510 --> 01:14:07,547
A BLOODY STRUGGLE
THAT COST THOUSANDS OF LIVES

1122
01:14:07,614 --> 01:14:10,833
AND ENDED
ONLY WHEN AMERICAN TROOPS

1123
01:14:10,901 --> 01:14:14,053
FINALLY STORMED
INTO MEXICO CITY.

1124
01:14:14,120 --> 01:14:16,823
IN LESS THAN A DOZEN YEARS,

1125
01:14:16,890 --> 01:14:20,643
MEXICO HAD LOST
HALF ITS TERRITORY.

1126
01:14:20,694 --> 01:14:25,798
THE UNITED STATES HAD GROWN
BY MORE THAN A THIRD.

1127
01:14:29,185 --> 01:14:31,154
IN TEXAS, JUAN SEGUIN,

1128
01:14:31,221 --> 01:14:36,126
WHO HAD FOUGHT AS HARD
AS ANY MAN FOR INDEPENDENCE,

1129
01:14:36,193 --> 01:14:39,662
WAS FALSELY ACCUSED
OF BEING MORE LOYAL TO MEXICO

1130
01:14:39,729 --> 01:14:41,181
THAN TO TEXAS.

1131
01:14:41,248 --> 01:14:45,418
HE WAS FORCED TO SLIP SOUTH
ACROSS THE BORDER --

1132
01:14:45,484 --> 01:14:50,023
"TO SEEK REFUGE," HE MOURNED,
"AMONGST MY ENEMIES."

1133
01:14:50,090 --> 01:14:51,492
IN CALIFORNIA,

1134
01:14:51,558 --> 01:14:57,147
MARIANO VALLEJO'S DREAMS OF
A PEACEFUL ANNEXATION HAD ENDED

1135
01:14:57,214 --> 01:15:02,285
WHEN AMERICAN SQUATTERS
ARRESTED HIM IN HIS OWN HOUSE.

1136
01:15:02,335 --> 01:15:06,289
Man:OUR RACE,
OUR UNFORTUNATE PEOPLE,

1137
01:15:06,355 --> 01:15:10,143
WILL NOW HAVE TO WANDER
IN SEARCH OF HOSPITALITY

1138
01:15:10,209 --> 01:15:11,795
IN A STRANGE LAND.

1139
01:15:11,862 --> 01:15:17,584
THE NORTH AMERICANS HATE US,
THEIR SPOKESMEN DEPRECATE US,

1140
01:15:17,650 --> 01:15:20,503
AND THEY CONSIDER US UNWORTHY

1141
01:15:20,569 --> 01:15:25,375
TO FORM WITH THEM
ONE NATION AND ONE SOCIETY.

1142
01:15:37,104 --> 01:15:40,474
[ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ]

1143
01:15:57,306 --> 01:15:59,809
Narrator:
AFTER 10 YEARS IN OREGON,

1144
01:15:59,876 --> 01:16:04,247
MARCUS AND NARCISSA WHITMAN
HAD LARGELY ABANDONED THEIR WORK

1145
01:16:04,314 --> 01:16:05,631
AMONG THE INDIANS,

1146
01:16:05,716 --> 01:16:08,318
IN FAVOR OF HELPING
THE WAGON TRAINS

1147
01:16:08,385 --> 01:16:12,072
THAT NOW ROLLED CEASELESSLY
ACROSS CAYUSE LANDS.

1148
01:16:12,138 --> 01:16:18,161
Jeffrey: I THINK
THAT THE CAYUSE HATED NARCISSA.

1149
01:16:18,227 --> 01:16:22,866
AND I THINK THAT WHEN NARCISSA
TURNED HER BACK ON THE INDIANS,

1150
01:16:22,932 --> 01:16:27,003
AND WHEN SHE DEALT WITH THEM
AS STERNLY AS SHE DID, WITH,

1151
01:16:27,069 --> 01:16:31,708
I THINK, FROM HER PERSPECTIVE,
WITH ALL THE RIGHT MOTIVES --

1152
01:16:31,775 --> 01:16:35,094
YOU HAD TO TELL PEOPLE
WHO WERE GOING TO HELL

1153
01:16:35,161 --> 01:16:37,397
THEY WERE GOING TO HELL --

1154
01:16:37,463 --> 01:16:41,324
THAT THEY CAME
TO REALLY DESPISE HER.

1155
01:16:43,953 --> 01:16:47,958
THE INDIANS STARTED TELLING
THE WHITMANS TO LEAVE.

1156
01:16:48,024 --> 01:16:51,928
"WE DON'T LIKE TO HEAR
THIS BAD TALK. LEAVE."

1157
01:16:51,995 --> 01:16:54,164
THE WHITMANS DIDN'T GO.

1158
01:16:56,233 --> 01:16:58,868
Narrator: THREE YEARS AFTER
THE SAGER CHILDREN ARRIVED,

1159
01:16:58,935 --> 01:17:03,139
MEASLES, CARRIED WEST
WITH THE EMIGRANT TRAINS,

1160
01:17:03,206 --> 01:17:06,459
SWEPT THROUGH
THE CAYUSE VILLAGES.

1161
01:17:06,526 --> 01:17:12,565
HALF THE TRIBE DIED --
INCLUDING MOST OF THE CHILDREN.

1162
01:17:16,486 --> 01:17:19,755
DESPITE
MARCUS WHITMAN'S NURSING,

1163
01:17:19,822 --> 01:17:23,493
RUMORS CIRCULATED
AMONG THE GRIEVING CAYUSE

1164
01:17:23,559 --> 01:17:27,531
THAT HE WAS SECRETLY
SPREADING THE DISEASE,

1165
01:17:27,597 --> 01:17:29,700
NOT TRYING TO CURE IT.

1166
01:17:29,766 --> 01:17:34,337
ONE AFTERNOON, THREE CAYUSE
APPEARED AT THE DOOR

1167
01:17:34,403 --> 01:17:36,873
AND ASKED TO SEE WHITMAN.

1168
01:17:36,940 --> 01:17:39,892
ONE OF THEM WAS THE CHIEF,
TILOUKAIKT.

1169
01:17:39,977 --> 01:17:44,580
HE HAD ONCE SERIOUSLY CONSIDERED
ACCEPTING THE CHRISTIAN FAITH,

1170
01:17:44,647 --> 01:17:47,383
BUT NOW
HE HAD LOST THREE CHILDREN

1171
01:17:47,450 --> 01:17:49,720
TO THE WHITE MAN'S SICKNESS.

1172
01:17:49,786 --> 01:17:52,188
WHEN HE GOT INSIDE THE HOUSE,

1173
01:17:52,254 --> 01:17:57,093
HE AND THE OTHERS SHOT AND
HACKED MARCUS WHITMAN TO DEATH.

1174
01:17:57,160 --> 01:18:00,580
Catherine:MOTHER WAS STANDING
LOOKING OUT AT THE WINDOW

1175
01:18:00,647 --> 01:18:03,250
WHEN A BALL CAME
THROUGH THE BROKEN PANE,

1176
01:18:03,316 --> 01:18:05,552
ENTERING HER RIGHT SHOULDER.

1177
01:18:05,619 --> 01:18:10,874
SHE CLAPPED HER HAND TO
THE WOUND AND FELL BACKWARDS.

1178
01:18:10,941 --> 01:18:12,726
SHE NOW FORGOT EVERYTHING

1179
01:18:12,792 --> 01:18:16,313
BUT THE POOR, HELPLESS CHILDREN
DEPENDING ON HER,

1180
01:18:16,379 --> 01:18:20,050
AND SHE POURED OUT HER SOUL
IN PRAYER FOR THEM --

1181
01:18:20,117 --> 01:18:25,221
"LORD, SAVE THESE LITTLE ONES!"
WAS HER REPEATED CRY.

1182
01:18:28,658 --> 01:18:33,129
Narrator: THE CAYUSE WARRIORS
CARRIED THE WOUNDED NARCISSA

1183
01:18:33,196 --> 01:18:35,432
OUT OF THE HOUSE ON A SETTEE,

1184
01:18:35,498 --> 01:18:38,618
KILLED HER,
THEN LASHED HER DEAD FACE.

1185
01:18:38,685 --> 01:18:43,122
THEN THEY SET THE HATED
MISSION BUILDINGS ON FIRE.

1186
01:18:43,206 --> 01:18:45,508
BESIDES MARCUS AND NARCISSA,

1187
01:18:45,575 --> 01:18:49,880
11 OTHER WHITES WERE KILLED
BEFORE IT WAS OVER,

1188
01:18:49,946 --> 01:18:52,398
INCLUDING THE TWO SAGER BOYS.

1189
01:18:52,465 --> 01:18:54,267
JOE MEEK'S DAUGHTER,

1190
01:18:54,333 --> 01:18:58,805
SICK WITH MEASLES
AT THE TIME OF THE MASSACRE,

1191
01:18:58,872 --> 01:19:00,974
DIED SOON AFTERWARDS.

1192
01:19:01,041 --> 01:19:06,329
SO DID HANNAH SAGER, AGE SIX.

1193
01:19:06,396 --> 01:19:12,302
THE FOUR SURVIVING SAGER GIRLS
WERE ORPHANS ONCE MORE.

1194
01:19:14,571 --> 01:19:15,988
[ GUNSHOTS ]

1195
01:19:16,055 --> 01:19:20,827
FRONTIER MILITIA PURSUED
THE CAYUSE INTO THE MOUNTAINS.

1196
01:19:20,893 --> 01:19:26,116
FINALLY, FIVE CAYUSE WARRIORS --
INCLUDING TILOUKAIKT --

1197
01:19:26,182 --> 01:19:28,267
TURNED THEMSELVES IN

1198
01:19:28,334 --> 01:19:34,607
SO THAT THE REST OF THEIR PEOPLE
WOULD NOT BE HUNTED DOWN.

1199
01:19:34,674 --> 01:19:36,409
BEFORE HE WENT TO THE GALLOWS,

1200
01:19:36,476 --> 01:19:40,029
SOMEONE ASKED TILOUKAIKT
WHY HE HAD SURRENDERED.

1201
01:19:40,096 --> 01:19:43,015
"DID NOT YOUR MISSIONARIES
TEACH US

1202
01:19:43,082 --> 01:19:47,053
THAT CHRIST DIED TO SAVE
HIS PEOPLE?" HE ANSWERED.

1203
01:19:47,120 --> 01:19:50,473
"SO WE DIE TO SAVE OUR PEOPLE."

1204
01:19:56,979 --> 01:20:00,533
Catherine:SURELY IF THE WAY
OF THE PIONEER IS HARD

1205
01:20:00,600 --> 01:20:02,235
AND BESET WITH DANGERS,

1206
01:20:02,301 --> 01:20:06,022
AT LEAST THE LONG YEARS
BRING AT LAST THE REALIZATION

1207
01:20:06,088 --> 01:20:09,008
THAT LIFE,
PATIENTLY AND HOPEFULLY LIVED,

1208
01:20:09,075 --> 01:20:13,212
BRINGS ITS OWN SENSE OF HAVING
BEEN PART OF THE ONWARD MOVE

1209
01:20:13,279 --> 01:20:14,897
TO BETTER THINGS --

1210
01:20:14,964 --> 01:20:18,617
NOT FOR SELF ALONE,
BUT FOR OTHERS.

1211
01:20:21,620 --> 01:20:26,026
Narrator: CATHERINE SAGER,
WHO HAD SURVIVED THE MASSACRE,

1212
01:20:26,092 --> 01:20:27,927
WOULD REMAIN IN OREGON,

1213
01:20:27,994 --> 01:20:31,147
WHERE SHE MARRIED
A METHODIST MINISTER

1214
01:20:31,214 --> 01:20:33,482
AND BORE HIM EIGHT CHILDREN --

1215
01:20:33,549 --> 01:20:38,805
ONE MORE THAN HER MOTHER, NAOMI,
HAD BROUGHT INTO THE WORLD.

1216
01:20:41,591 --> 01:20:48,297
ON JULY 4, 1848,
IN WASHINGTON, D.C.,

1217
01:20:48,364 --> 01:20:50,666
THOUSANDS TURNED OUT
TO SEE PRESIDENT POLK

1218
01:20:50,734 --> 01:20:54,353
LAY THE CORNERSTONE
OF A NEW MONUMENT --

1219
01:20:54,420 --> 01:20:55,955
A GIANT STONE SHAFT

1220
01:20:56,022 --> 01:20:59,208
MODELED AFTER THE OBELISKS
OF ANCIENT EGYPT

1221
01:20:59,275 --> 01:21:02,461
TO HONOR
THE NATION'S FIRST PRESIDENT.

1222
01:21:02,528 --> 01:21:07,917
GEORGE WASHINGTON'S AMERICA
HAD ENDED AT THE MISSISSIPPI.

1223
01:21:07,984 --> 01:21:11,470
BUT NOW,
AS POLK SPOKE TO THE CROWD,

1224
01:21:11,537 --> 01:21:17,827
THE AMERICAN FLAG FLEW OVER
THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS,

1225
01:21:17,894 --> 01:21:22,649
ABOVE THE PALACE
OF THE GOVERNORS IN SANTA FE,

1226
01:21:22,715 --> 01:21:28,921
OVER A GROWING MORMON SETTLEMENT
IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE VALLEY,

1227
01:21:28,988 --> 01:21:34,110
AT SPANISH RANCHES
IN SONOMA, CALIFORNIA,

1228
01:21:34,177 --> 01:21:37,930
AND NEAR THE RUINS
OF THE WHITMAN MISSION

1229
01:21:37,997 --> 01:21:40,299
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

1230
01:21:40,366 --> 01:21:45,121
POLK'S NATION
WAS A CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES

1231
01:21:45,187 --> 01:21:48,340
THAT STRETCHED FROM SEA TO SEA,

1232
01:21:48,407 --> 01:21:51,394
AND NOW ENCOMPASSED THE WEST.

1233
01:21:51,461 --> 01:21:57,166
IN ONLY A GENERATION --
BY ENTERPRISE AND INTIMIDATION,

1234
01:21:57,234 --> 01:22:00,887
BY SACRIFICE
AND BY OUTRIGHT CONQUEST --

1235
01:22:00,953 --> 01:22:03,740
AMERICANS HAD SEIZED IT ALL.

1236
01:22:03,807 --> 01:22:06,076
[ MARCHING BAND PLAYS ]

1237
01:22:06,142 --> 01:22:08,995
BACK IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL,

1238
01:22:09,061 --> 01:22:13,632
STANDING NEXT TO THE PRESIDENT
AT THE CEREMONY,

1239
01:22:13,699 --> 01:22:17,536
WAS THE OLD MOUNTAIN MAN,
JOE MEEK.

1240
01:22:17,603 --> 01:22:20,106
HIS FONDEST WISH HAD COME TRUE.

1241
01:22:20,173 --> 01:22:23,810
BORN IN
WASHINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA,

1242
01:22:23,877 --> 01:22:29,148
HE WAS NOW THE SHERIFF OF
A BRAND-NEW WASHINGTON COUNTY --

1243
01:22:29,232 --> 01:22:32,068
IN OREGON TERRITORY.

1244
01:22:40,342 --> 01:22:43,913
A MONTH LATER,
EVEN MORE GOOD NEWS ARRIVED

1245
01:22:43,980 --> 01:22:47,133
FROM THIS NEWEST SECTION
OF THE COUNTRY.

1246
01:22:47,199 --> 01:22:51,837
IN CALIFORNIA -- ON A STREAM
NAMED THE AMERICAN RIVER --

1247
01:22:51,905 --> 01:22:54,107
GOLD HAD BEEN DISCOVERED.

1248
01:22:54,174 --> 01:22:59,695
NOTHING IN THE WEST
WOULD EVER BE THE SAME AGAIN.